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POM > Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What do CD4 T cells do?

A

Produce cytokines to help shape immune response.

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2
Q

What do CD8 T cells do?

A

Kill infected cells.

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3
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Produce antibodies.

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4
Q

What is meant by the humoral response?

A

Response driven by b cells. Also known as antibody mediated response.

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5
Q

What is meant by cell mediated response?

A

Response driven by t cells. Cells do the work.

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6
Q

What is the Epitope?

A

The region of an antigen which the receptor binds to.

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7
Q

How do B cell recognise antigens?

A

Recognise structural 3D epitopes - native antigens.

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8
Q

How do T cells recognise antigens?

A

Recognise linear epitopes that are peptides derived from proteins processed by APC’s

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9
Q

What happens when lymphocyte receptor binds to antigen?

A

Leads to activation of cell and clonal expansion which results in differentiated effector cells of that lineage that bear the same receptor.

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10
Q

What generates the diverse b cell repertoire?

A

Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. DNA is rearranged before transcription.

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11
Q

Explain production of BCR receptor chain?

A

Each BCR receptor chain is encoded by separate multigene families on different chromosomes. During B cell maturation these gene segments are rearranged and brought together. Transcription of B cell DNA then occurs. RNA is then spliced and mRNA is translated to produce polypeptide for that chain that will make up part of the B cell receptor.

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12
Q

What presents antigen to T cell?

A

MHC (Major histocompatibility complex).

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13
Q

What is the point of MHC?

A

Defines self and not self. Presents antigens to T cells.

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14
Q

Where is MHC I found?

A

All nucleated cells.

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15
Q

Where is MHC II found?

A

All antigen presenting cells.

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16
Q

How are viral proteins recognised as foreign?

A

Displayed on MHC I.

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17
Q

How many chains does MHC I have?

A

One alpha chain.

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18
Q

How many chains does MHC II have?

A

Two. One alpha, one beta chain.

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19
Q

What type of antigen does MHC I present?

A

Intracellular antigen.

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20
Q

What type of antigen does MHC II present?

A

Extracellular antigen.

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21
Q

What does MHC I present to?

A

CD8 T cells.

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22
Q

What does MHC II present to?

A

CD4 T cells.

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23
Q

Examples of APC cells?

A

Macrophage, dendritic cell and b cell (despite role in humoral immunity).

24
Q

Characteristics of MHC gene expression?

A

Polygenic (up to 6 genes) and co dominant expression.

25
Q

Where are MHC I peptides processed?

A

Cytosol.

26
Q

Where are MHC II peptides processed?

A

Endosomes.

27
Q

What class of T helper cell would be involved in a viral and intracellular bacteria infections?

A

Th1.

28
Q

What immune cells would be seen in a viral/intracellular bacterial infection?

A

CD8 T cells, NK cells, Th1 cells, neutrophils and macrophages.

29
Q

What immune cells would be seen in a parasitic infection such as a helminth?

A

Eosinophils, basophils, Th2 cells, B cells and macrophages.

30
Q

What immune cells would be seen in an extracellular bacterial infection or fungal infection?

A

Th17, neutrophils and macrophage.

31
Q

What are the different types of t helper cells?

A

Treg (Th0), Th1,Th2, Th17, T follicular helper cell (Tfh).

32
Q

T reg role and cytokines?

A

IL-10 and TGF beta.

33
Q

Th1 role and cytokines?

A

Boosts cellular immune response. IF gamma, TNF and IL-12.

34
Q

Th2 role and cytokines?

A

Pro allergic. IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13.

35
Q

Th17 role and cytokines?

A

Pro Inflammatory (controls bacterial and viral infection). IL-17, IL-23 and IL-6.

36
Q

Tfh role and cytokines?

A

Pro antibody. Produces the cytokine IL-21 which drives B cell proliferation.

37
Q

Where are t follicular helper cells found?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs in b cell zones.

38
Q

How does CD8 T cells kill infected cells?

A

Apoptosis. Released perforin which polymerise and form pores in the pathogen cell membrane, then released granzymes through pore that create a cascade that leads to apoptosis by fragmentation of nuclear DNA.

39
Q

How do CD8 T cells distinguish infected and non infected cells?

A

In uninfected cells, MHCI molecules show self peptides. CD8 cell looks for non self peptides presented on MHCI. A virus infects the cell. The cell now starts making viral proteins and viral peptides are displayed on MHC. The CD8 cells detects the non-self peptides on MHC. The CD8 cell kills the virally infected cell.

40
Q

What are the 3 functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralisation, Opsonization and complement activation.

41
Q

How can an antibody neutralise a pathogen?

A

It can block outer proteins that allow it to enter the cell. Prevents pathogen from working.

42
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Antibodies promoting phagocytosis. Macrophages can bind to constant region of antibodies via their fc receptors and phagocytose pathogen.

43
Q

What is complement activation?

A

Activation of complement system which enhances opsonisation and lyses some bacteria.

44
Q

Key facts about IgG?

A

Most common antibody. Highest opsonization and neutralization activies.

45
Q

Key facts about IgM?

A

Largest antibody. Produced first in response to antigen invasion.

46
Q

Key facts about IgA?

A

Expressed in mucosal tissues. Forms dimers after secretion.

47
Q

What antibody is mainly in the respiratory and digestive tracts?

A

IgA.

48
Q

Key facts about IgE?

A

Involved in allergy.

49
Q

What results in different classes of antibodies.

A

Different constant region. Different classes bind to different receptors.

50
Q

What class of antibody do thymus independent antigens stimulate production of?

A

Induce IgM synthesis by B cells.

51
Q

What class of antibody do thymus dependent antigens stimulate production of?

A

All Ig-classes.

52
Q

What do thymus independent antigens not stimulate?

A

They do not stimulate immunological memory.

53
Q

What are thymus independent antigens?

A

Activate B cell without help of T cells. Needs to have repetitive structure (e.g bacterial surface sugars).

54
Q

How do thymus independent antigens activate B cell?

A

B cell receptor binds to repetitive structure present on bacterial surface. Second signal provided by PAMP such as LPS which binds to toll like receptor on b cell.

55
Q

Explain thymus dependent antigen pathway?

A

B cell ingest pathogen and antigen is internalised and degraded into peptides. Displays antigen peptides on its b cell receptor. DC ingests pathogen and displays peptides on MHC II. CD4 T cell that has complementary TCR to antigen gets activated by DC cell. T helper cell then activated B cell by costimulation and cytokines. B cell turns into plasma cell and produces antibodies for that antigen.

POM (41 decks)

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