Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main signs on inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function.

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2
Q

What are the steps for inflammation?

A

Change in local blood flow, structural changes in microvascalature, recruitment of immune cells and proteins.

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3
Q

2 examples of inflammatory signals when a wound occurs?

A

Non apoptotic cell death and foreign material.

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4
Q

After damage to tissue occurs and inflammatory signals are released, what happens?

A

Vasodilators are released - histamines and nitric oxide.

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5
Q

What do vasodilators result in?

A

Vascular changes. Increased permeability. Dilation. Plasma leakage.

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6
Q

How does increased vascular permeability and leakage act as a barrier to pathogens?

A

Increased swelling. Pathogens have to travel further.

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7
Q

Apart from histamines what other molecules are found at injury?

A

Prostaglandins, cytokines, chemokines and complement proteins.

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8
Q

What is exudate?

A

Fluid, proteins and cells that have seeped out of a blood vessel.

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9
Q

When it comes to immune cell recruitment what do chemokines do?

A

Chemokines diffuse out to form a gradient. Leukocytes expressing complementary chemokine receptors migrate towards chemokine source.

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10
Q

What is neutrophil extravasation?

A

Neutrophil extravasation is the movement of neutrophils out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection.

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11
Q

What is the first step of neutrophil extravasation?

A

Leukocyte such as a macrophage releases cytokines that activate adhesion molecules (selectins) on endothelial surface.

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12
Q

What is the second step of neutrophil extravasation?

A

Integrins in low affinity state on neutrophils bind to selectins. This is referred to as rolling adhesion.

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13
Q

What is the third step of neutrophil extravasation?

A

Chemokines promote low to high affinity switch integrin switch.

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14
Q

What is the fourth step of neutrophil extravasation?

A

Cytoskeletal rearrangement to migrate out of endothelium.

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15
Q

How do neutrophils recognise gram negative bacteria?

A

Use their receptors to recognise lipopolysaccharide molecules on surface of gram negative bacteria.

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16
Q

How do neutrophils directly clear pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis. Netosis.

17
Q

How do neutrophils indirectly clear pathogens?

A

Release cytokines which recruits and activates other immune system cells.

18
Q

Explain phagocytosis process

A

Microbe engulfed into phagosome. Phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome. Reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial peptides kill microbe in phagolysosome.

19
Q

What do macrophages do to resolve inflammation?

A

Clear apoptotic cells. Produce anti inflammatory mediators.

20
Q

What can cause chronic inflammation?

A

Autoimmunity, prolonged infection, persistent toxic stimuli and unclearable particulates.

21
Q

What cells do you see in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells

22
Q

What repair processes occur in chronic inflammation?

A

Angiogenesis and fibrosis.

23
Q

What is the main cell in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils.

24
Q

What can happen when monocytes are recruited to tissue from blood?

A

They can differentiate into macrophages.

25
Q

Key macrophage features?

A

Phagocytic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and involved in wound repair.

26
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

Chronic inflammation with formation of granulomas.

27
Q

Why are granulomas formed?

A

To act as a barrier. To contain an area of bacterial, viral or fungal infection so it can try to keep it from spreading.

28
Q

What causes granulomatous inflammation to form?

A

Strong T cell response.

29
Q

Characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent inflammation, monocytes and macrophages are the dominant cell type present, ongoing cytokine release and scarring. T cells and B cells also present.

30
Q

Characteristics of acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, neutrophils dominant cell type present, histamine release and necrosis.

31
Q

Consequences of long term inflammation?

A

Tissue damage, scarring, loss of function which can lead to organ failure.

32
Q

Explain what leads to swelling in inflammation?

A

Vascular leakage increases blood flow into the inflamed tissue, leading to fluid build-up.

33
Q

Explain what leads to redness in inflammation?

A

Accumulation of blood contents including red blood cells near surface of skin.

34
Q

Explain what leads to heat in inflammation?

A

Heat results from the increased presence of fluid at core body temperature at a site that would otherwise have a limited exposure to this. During inflammation infiltrating immune cells are also highly metabolically active, which may also contribute to the generation of heat as a by-product.

35
Q

Explain what leads to pain in inflammation?

A

Inflammatory mediators signalling on local nerve cells.