Cell injury and fate Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of cell injury?

A

Oxygen deprivation, Chemical agents, Infectious agent, immunological reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances, physical agents and aging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Consequences of an injurious stimulus depends on what?

A

Type of cell. Cell status (where in the cell cycle).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four intracellular systems that are particularly vulnerable to cell damage?

A

Cell membrane integrity, ATP generation, protein synthesis and integrity of genetic material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinkage of the cell or organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to muscle after denervation?

A

Muscle atrophy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in the size of cells and therefore an increase in the size of an organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

Increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in the number of cells in an organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the common cause of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Hormonal or compensatory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the common cause of pathological hyperplasia?

A

Excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A reversible change when one cell type is replaced by another cell type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features of malignancy but do not invade underlying tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Key feature of dysplasia?

A

Increase in nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some changes you could see under a light microscope associated with reversible injury?

A

Fatty change and cellular swelling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death associated with inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 types of necrosis?

A

Coagulative necrosis. Liquefactive necrosis. Caseous necrosis. Fat Necrosis.

17
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

Tissue architecture is maintained. Usually seen in hypoxic environments.

18
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

Complete loss of cell detail.

19
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

Combination of coagulative and liquefactive. Looks granular. Seen in TB.

20
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Seen calcifications due to calcium and fatty acids.

21
Q

How is apoptosis different to necrosis?

A

Apoptosis the cell membrane is contained and so apoptosis doesn’t produce inflammatory response. Apoptosis required ATP, necrosis doesn’t.

22
Q

What is necroptosis?

A

Programmed cell death that produces inflammation. Required ATP.

23
Q

What organ/tissue would you find liquefactive necrosis in?

A

Brain.

24
Q

What organ/tissue would you find caseous necrosis?

A

Lung infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis.

25
Q

What organ/tissue would you find fat necrosis?

A

Breast and pancreas.

26
Q

What organ/tissue would you find coagulative necrosis?

A

Kidney, liver or heart muscle.

27
Q

Ballooning degeneration is considered a hallmark of what disease?

A

Steatohepatitis