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POM > Cell Replication > Flashcards

Cell Replication Flashcards

1
Q

What is the s phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA Replication.

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2
Q

What is the M phase of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis.

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3
Q

What is G₀ ?

A

The G₀ phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle. Carrying out cell functions.

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4
Q

What transcription factor promotes G0 to G1 transition?

A

c-Myc

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5
Q

In tumours what is wrong with c-Myc?

A

Overexpressed.

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6
Q

What leads to expression of c-Myc

A

Growth factor signalling pathway.

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7
Q

When is cyclin concentration highest?

A

During mitosis.

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8
Q

When is cyclin concentration increasing?

A

During interphase.

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9
Q

When are cdk (cyclin dependent kinase) most active?

A

During mitosis.

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10
Q

What does c-Myc do?

A

Promotes production of cyclin D which then activates cdk 4/6 complex. This allows transition from G0 to S phase.

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11
Q

What are the g phases?

A

Growth phase.

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12
Q

What might halt a cell in G1?

A

Unfavourable extracellular environment. Damaged DNA.

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13
Q

What might halt a cell in S or G2 phase?

A

Incompletely replicated DNA.

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14
Q

What might halt a cell in the M phase?

A

Chromosome improperly attached to mitotic spindle.

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15
Q

What is required for entry to cell cycle?

A

Cyclin D : Cdk4/6 complex.

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16
Q

Cyclin dependent kinase is regulated by?

A

Cyclins, phosphorylation and phosphate removal.

17
Q

What are kinases important for?

A

Signal amplification and regulation.

18
Q

How is a cdk activated?

A

Binding of cyclin and removal of inhibitory phosphate by phosphatase enzyme.

19
Q

How are cyclins turned off?

A

Ubiquitination (protein degradation).

20
Q

What does degradation of cyclins do?

A

Allows cyclical activation.

21
Q

What is Rb (retinoblastoma protein)?

A

A molecular brake. Blocks transcription of proteins for DNA synthesis such as DNA polymerase.

22
Q

How is Rb activated?

A

It is phosphorylated.

23
Q

What does p21 do?

A

Inactivates inactivates Cdk-cyclin complexes so that DNA can be repaired.

24
Q

What induces production of p21?

A

p53.

25
Q

What kind of protein is p53?

A

Tumour suppressor.

POM (41 decks)

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