lymphatic system and immune system

Question 1

what direction does lymph flow

Answer 1

it always flows from the tissues back towards the heart

Question 2

a clear, watery fluid that circulates throughout the body as part of the lymphatic system. it carries white blood cells, nutrients, and other substances.

Answer 2

lymph

Question 3

a dilated sac-like structure at the base of the thoracic duct, located in the retroperitoneal space, which collects lymph from the intestines and lower body.

Answer 3

cisterna chyli

Question 4

in the lymphatic system the spleen tissue

Answer 4

takes in blood and pumps out lymph

Question 5

innate responses are

Answer 5

-surface barriers (1st line of defense)
-skin and mucous membrane
-internal defenses (2nd line of defense)
- phagocytes, inflammation, fever
-nonspecific

Question 6

adaptive responses are

Answer 6

-activated by specific ‘lock and key’ recognition of foreign molecules
-driven by T and B cells
specific

Question 7

originate in the red blood marrow and also mature in the red bone marrow

Answer 7

b cells

Question 8

originate in the red bone marrow and also migrate to the thymus for maturation

Answer 8

t cells

Question 9

is triggered when an antigen binds to the specific cell-surface receptors of a T or B cell

Answer 9

clonal selection

Question 10

what are the three main pillars of immune function

Answer 10

-memory
-specificity
-self-tolerance

Question 11

highly specific and allows rapid response to subsequent exposures

Answer 11

memory

Question 12

the cells that recognize antigens and initiate an immune response are highly specific to one or a few similar antigens. cells which have this ability are known as immunocompetent

Answer 12

specificity

Question 13

the immune system can distinguish our tissues (self) from foreign antigens (non-self)

Answer 13

self-tolerance

Question 14

-humoral immunity
-red bone marrow
-plasma cells
-have memory cell formation
-plasma cells produce antibodies that inactivate antigen and tag for destruction

Answer 14

B-cells

Question 15

-cellular immunity
-thymus
-cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells
-have cell memory formation\
-cytotoxic T cells attack infected cells and tumor cells. helper T cells activate B cells and other cells.

Answer 15

T-cells

Question 16

a condition which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues and organs.

Answer 16

autoimmunity

Question 17

what makes an antibody

Answer 17

produced by effector B cells called plasma cells

Question 18

a protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances

Answer 18

antibody

Question 19

two of the chains in a antibody monomer that are quite large and have a high molecular weight

Answer 19

heavy chains

Question 20

two chains of the antibody monomers that are only half as long and have a low molecular weight

Answer 20

light chains

Question 21

any substances that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance

Answer 21

antigen

Question 22

is the part of an antigen that binds to an antibody or antigen receptor

Answer 22

antigen determinant

Question 23

where to antibodies bind to antigens

Answer 23

the antigen-binding site, or also known as the paratope.

Question 24

what are the primary lymphoid organs/tissues

Answer 24

bone marrow and thymus
-these are sites where lymphocytes are produced and mature into functional; immune cells