exam 4 definitions (nervous system) Flashcards
respond to stimuli,
sensory receptor
activated by touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, stretch, vibration, and changes in body position
general sense
include vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste
special senses
sensitive to stimuli in external environment and are found close to body surface
exteroceptors
respond to stimuli within body
interoreceptors
respond to internal stimuli, restricted to skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bone and muscles
proprioceptors
consists of the brain and spinal cord, which primarily interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructions.
central nervous system (CNS)
consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
location: anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area in the frontal lobe in only one hemisphere
function: controls muscles involved in speech production and also plays a role in the planning of nonspeech motor functions
broca’s area
the outermost gray matter of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
is composed of myelinated fibers bundled into tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex
cerebral white matter
location: postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
functions: receives information from the body’s sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons
primary somatosensory cortex
location: precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
function: conscious control of the voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
primary motor cortex
is embryologically part of the forebrain, along with the cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
-working memory for spatial tasks
-executive area for task management
-working memory for object-recall tasks
-solving complex, multitask problems
prefrontal cortex
carries afferent impulses associated with vision
-sensory
optic
carries afferent impulses for sense of smell
-sensory
olfactory
direct eyeball, eyelid, and controls lens shape and pupil size
-motor
oculomotor
provides somatic motor fibers to superior oblique muscles that move the eyeball
-motor
trochlear
major sensory nerve of the face; conducts sensory impulses from skin of face and anterior scalp, from mucosae of mouth and nose, and from surface of eyes.
-motor and sensory
trigeminal
carries somatic motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle that abducts the eyeball
-motor
abducens
supplies somatic motor fibers to muscles of facial expression and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle; parasympathetic motor fibers to lacrimal and salivary glands; carries sensory fibers from taste receptors of anterior tongue
-motor and sensory
facial
vestibular branch transmits impulses associated with a sense of equilibrium from vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals; cochlear branch transmits impulses associated with hearing from cochlea. small motor component adjusts the sensitivity of the sensory receptors
-sensory
vestibulocochlear
somatic motor fibers serve pharyngeal muscles, and parasympathetic motor fibers serve salivary glands; sensory fibers carry impulses from pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue (taste buds), and from chemoreceptors and pressure receptors of carotid artery.
-motor and sensory
glossopharyngeal
fibers carry somatic motor impulses to pharynx and larynx and sensory fibers from same structures; very large portion is composed of parasympathetic motor fibers, which supply heart and smooth muscles of abdominal visceral organs; transmits sensory impulses form viscera
-motor and sensory
vagus
provides somatic motor fibers to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- motor and sensory (primarily motor)
accessory
carries somatic motor fibers to muscles of tongue
-motor and sensory (primarily motor)
hypoglossal
are involved in regulating voluntary motor activities and flank the lateral and third ventricles
basal nuclei
the major commissure connecting the cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
the entire surface is thrown into elevated ridges of tissue called
gyri
gyri are separated by shallow grooved called
sulci
deeper grooves in the brain are called
fissures
a part of the brain that is responsible for understanding written and spoken language
wernicke’s area
a part of the frontal lobe of the brain that controls voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body
precentral gyrus
a tube-shaped column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull to the lower back, carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body
spinal cord
a nerve that contains both sensory and motor nerve fibers
mixed nerve
nerve fibers that are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter
cholinergic fibers
nerve fibers that release the neurotransmitters norepinephrine adrenaline, or dopamine
adrenergic fibers
a region in the parietal lobe of the brain that interprets and integrates tactile information from the primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association area
a thin, translucent plate in the brain that separates the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles
septum pellucidum
a white matter bundle located in the mesial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres
fornix
an area of the brain that helps process information from the senses and transmit it to other parts of the brain
thalamus
the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst
hypothalamus
a network of blood vessels and cells in the ventricles of the brain
choroid plexus
a small endocrine gland that releases several important hormones and controls the functions of many other endocrine system glands
pituitary gland
a narrow channel connecting the third and fourth brain ventricles. csf flows through with no obstruction
cerebral aqueduct
