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NURS252 > Lungs and thorax > Flashcards

Lungs and thorax Flashcards

1
Q

acute cough lasts

A

2-3 weeks

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2
Q

chronic cough lasts

A

more than 2 months

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3
Q

a cough continous throughout the day may indicate

A

acute illness (respiratory infection)

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4
Q

a cough occuring in the afternoon/evenings may indicate

A

exposure to irritants at work

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5
Q

a cough present at night may indicate

A

postnasal drip, sinusitis

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6
Q

a cough present in the early morning may indicate

A

chronic broncial inflammation of smokers

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7
Q

chronic bronchitis is characterized by

A

a history of a productive cough for 3 months of the year for 2 years

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8
Q

white or clear sputum is indicative of

A

colds, bronchitis, viral infections

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9
Q

yellow or green sputum is indicative of

A

bacterial infections

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10
Q

rust colored sputum is indicative of

A

tuberculosis, pneumococcal pneumonia

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11
Q

pink frothy sputum is indicative of

A

pulmonary edema, so sympathomimetic medications

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12
Q

hacking cough is indicative of

A

mycoplasma pneumonia

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13
Q

dry cough is indicative of

A

early heart failure

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14
Q

barking cough is indicative of

A

croup

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15
Q

congested cough is indicative of

A

cold, bronchitis, pneumonia

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16
Q

orthopnea

A
  • difficulty breathing in the supine position
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17
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

awakening from sleep with shortness of breath and needing to be upright to achieve comfort

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18
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish color

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19
Q

chest pain of thoracic orgin occurs with

A

muscle soreness from coughing or inflammation of the pleura (pneumonia)

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20
Q

carbon monoxide build up causes

A

dizziness, headache, fatigue

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21
Q

sulpher dioxide build up causes

A

cough, congestion

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22
Q

Expected AP/Transverse Diameter Ration

A

1:2

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23
Q

1:1 AP/Transverse Diameter Ratio is indicative of

A

COPD;emphysema

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24
Q

the tripod position is indicative of

A

COPD

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25
Q

Reasonance

A

low pitched, clear, hollow sound the prodominates in healthy lung tissue in adults

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26
Q

hyper-resonance

A

low-pitched, “boom”
- too much air (emphysema, pneumothorax)

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27
Q

dull percussion

A

soft, muffled, thud
- abnormal density in the lungs

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28
Q

hyper-resonance is indicative of

A

emphysema, pneumothorax

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29
Q

dull percussion is indicative of

A

pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis, tumor

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30
Q

barrel chest description and association

A
  • equal anteroposterior-to-transverse ratio and horizontal ribs
  • associated with normal aginf and chronic emphysema as a result of hyperinflation of the lungs
31
Q

kyphosis

A

humpback

32
Q

pectus excavatum

A

funnel breast

33
Q

pectus carinatum

A

pigeon breast (outward rib cage)

34
Q

tachypnea

A
  • rapid, shallow breathing; more than 24 per minute
  • response to fear, anxiety, or exercise
  • causes: respiratory insufficency, pneumonia, alkalosis, and lesion in the pons
35
Q

bradypnea

A

slow breathing. Decreased rate under 10 per minute
- cases: drug induced depression, increased intercranial pressure, diabetic coma

36
Q

cheyne-stokes respirations

A
  • alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation
  • cause: heart failure, renal failure, meningitis, drug overdose, increased intercranial pressure
37
Q

hyperventilation

A
  • increase in both rate and depth
  • can cause carbon dioxide to decrease in the lungs (alkalosis)
38
Q

hypoventilation

A
  • irregular, shallow pattern casued by overdose of narcotics or anaesthetics
39
Q

biots respirations

A
  • alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation at irregular periods
40
Q

fine crackles

A
  • discontinuous, high pitched, short crackeling, pooping sounds heard
  • not cleared by coughing
41
Q

late inspiratory fine crackles occurs with

A

restrictive disease (pneumonia, heart failure, and interstinal fibrosis

42
Q

early inspiratory crackles occurs with

A

obstructive disease (chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema)

43
Q

posturally induced crackles

A

fien crackles that appear with a change of position
- occur after myocardial infraction

44
Q

course crackles description

A
  • loud, low pitched, bubbling and gurgeling sounds
  • inhaled air collides with secretions in trachea and large bronchi
45
Q

course crackles occur with

A

pulmonary edema, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, depresent cough reflex

46
Q

atelectatic crackles

A
  • sound like fine crackles but do not last and are not indications of disease
  • occurs in older adults, bedridden patients, and in patients that just arouse from sleep
47
Q

pleural friction (description and causes)

A
  • course and low pitched
  • course gating sound
  • causes: pleuritis
48
Q

high pitched wheeze (description and causes)

A
  • musical
  • may be inspiratory and expiratory (prominate)
  • air squeezing through narrow passageways
  • Causes: acute asthma or chronic emphysema
49
Q

low pitched wheezes (description and causes)

A
  • inspiration and expiration (prominate)
  • vibration in narrow airways (airflow obstruction)
  • Causes: single bronchitis obstruction, tumor
50
Q

stridor

A
  • high pitched, monophonic, inspiratory, crowding sound that can be heard lower in the neck
51
Q

stridor is indicative of

A

croup, acute epiglotis, foreign body inhalation

52
Q

Acute bronchitis description

A

inflammation of mucous membranes of bronichial tree caused by viruses or bacteria

53
Q

acute bronchitis clinical findings

A
  • initially non-productive cough that may become productive
  • substernal chest pain aggrivated by coughing
  • fever, malaise, tachypnea
  • rhonchi and crackles frequently heard, wheezing heard after coughing
54
Q

pneumonia description

A

inflammation of terminal bronchioles and alveoli

55
Q

pneumonia clinical manifestations

A
  • Viral: non-productive cough or clear sputum
  • Bacterial: productive cough with white, yellow, or green sputum
  • fever, tachypnea, and dyspnea
  • crackles and wheezing heard on auscultation
56
Q

tuberculosis clinical findings

A
  • usually initially asymptomatic; fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, fever
  • later produces mucopurulent sputum
57
Q

pleural effusion description

A

accumulation of serous fluid in pleural space between visceral and pariteal pleurae

58
Q

pleural effusion findings

A
  • dependent on the degree of fluid accumulation
  • dyspnea, intercostal bulging, or decreased chest wall movement
59
Q

asthma description

A

hyperactive airway disease characterized by bronchoconstriction, airway obstruction, and inflammation

60
Q

asthma clincial findings

A

prolonged expiration, audiable wheeze, dyspnea, tachcardia, anxious appearance, possibility of accessory muscles, cough
- expiratory wheeze, deminished breath sounds

61
Q

emphysema clinical findings

A
  • underweight, barrel chest, short of breath with mild exertion
  • wheezing and crackles on auscultation, decreased diaphragmatic excursion or percussion
62
Q

closed pneumothorax

A

spontanous, tramatic, or iatrogenic

63
Q

open pneumothorax

A

tramatic, iatrogenic

64
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

developes when air leaks into the pleura and cannot escape

65
Q

pneumothorax clinical findings

A
  • shortness or breath, anxiety, chest pain, severe respiratory distress (dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis)
  • paradoxical chest movement
  • tracheal displacement toward unaffected side
66
Q

hemothorax description

A

blood in the pleural space caused by injury to the chest or thoracic surgery

67
Q

hemothorax findings

A

distinct muffled breath sounds, dullness with percusion

68
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of the lung

69
Q

atelectasis casues

A

external pressure from tumor, fluid, or air in the pleural space

70
Q

compression atelectasis

A

removal of air due to hypoventilation

71
Q

absorption atelectasis

A

due to obstruction by secretion

72
Q

atelectasis clinical findings

A
  • affected lobe has diminished or absent breath sounds
  • oxygen saturation may decrease to less than 90%
73
Q

lung cancer clinical findings

A
  • persistant cough, weight loss, congestion, wheezing, hemoptysis, laboured breathing, or dyspnea
  • tumour: lung sounds may be diminished
  • percussion tones may be dull over tumor

NURS252 (13 decks)

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