Lungs and thorax Flashcards
1
Q
acute cough lasts
A
2-3 weeks
2
Q
chronic cough lasts
A
more than 2 months
3
Q
a cough continous throughout the day may indicate
A
acute illness (respiratory infection)
4
Q
a cough occuring in the afternoon/evenings may indicate
A
exposure to irritants at work
5
Q
a cough present at night may indicate
A
postnasal drip, sinusitis
6
Q
a cough present in the early morning may indicate
A
chronic broncial inflammation of smokers
7
Q
chronic bronchitis is characterized by
A
a history of a productive cough for 3 months of the year for 2 years
8
Q
white or clear sputum is indicative of
A
colds, bronchitis, viral infections
9
Q
yellow or green sputum is indicative of
A
bacterial infections
10
Q
rust colored sputum is indicative of
A
tuberculosis, pneumococcal pneumonia
11
Q
pink frothy sputum is indicative of
A
pulmonary edema, so sympathomimetic medications
12
Q
hacking cough is indicative of
A
mycoplasma pneumonia
13
Q
dry cough is indicative of
A
early heart failure
14
Q
barking cough is indicative of
A
croup
15
Q
congested cough is indicative of
A
cold, bronchitis, pneumonia
16
Q
orthopnea
A
- difficulty breathing in the supine position
17
Q
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
A
awakening from sleep with shortness of breath and needing to be upright to achieve comfort
18
Q
cyanosis
A
bluish color
19
Q
chest pain of thoracic orgin occurs with
A
muscle soreness from coughing or inflammation of the pleura (pneumonia)
20
Q
carbon monoxide build up causes
A
dizziness, headache, fatigue
21
Q
sulpher dioxide build up causes
A
cough, congestion
22
Q
Expected AP/Transverse Diameter Ration
A
1:2
23
Q
1:1 AP/Transverse Diameter Ratio is indicative of
A
COPD;emphysema
24
Q
the tripod position is indicative of
A
COPD
25
Reasonance
low pitched, clear, hollow sound the prodominates in healthy lung tissue in adults
26
hyper-resonance
low-pitched, "boom"
- too much air (emphysema, pneumothorax)
27
dull percussion
soft, muffled, thud
- abnormal density in the lungs
28
hyper-resonance is indicative of
emphysema, pneumothorax
29
dull percussion is indicative of
pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis, tumor
30
barrel chest description and association
- equal anteroposterior-to-transverse ratio and horizontal ribs
- associated with normal aginf and chronic emphysema as a result of hyperinflation of the lungs
31
kyphosis
humpback
32
pectus excavatum
funnel breast
33
pectus carinatum
pigeon breast (outward rib cage)
34
tachypnea
- rapid, shallow breathing; more than 24 per minute
- response to fear, anxiety, or exercise
- causes: respiratory insufficency, pneumonia, alkalosis, and lesion in the pons
35
bradypnea
slow breathing. Decreased rate under 10 per minute
- cases: drug induced depression, increased intercranial pressure, diabetic coma
36
cheyne-stokes respirations
- alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation
- cause: heart failure, renal failure, meningitis, drug overdose, increased intercranial pressure
37
hyperventilation
- increase in both rate and depth
- can cause carbon dioxide to decrease in the lungs (alkalosis)
38
hypoventilation
- irregular, shallow pattern casued by overdose of narcotics or anaesthetics
39
biots respirations
- alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation at irregular periods
40
fine crackles
- discontinuous, high pitched, short crackeling, pooping sounds heard
- not cleared by coughing
41
late inspiratory fine crackles occurs with
restrictive disease (pneumonia, heart failure, and interstinal fibrosis
42
early inspiratory crackles occurs with
obstructive disease (chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema)
43
posturally induced crackles
fien crackles that appear with a change of position
- occur after myocardial infraction
44
course crackles description
- loud, low pitched, bubbling and gurgeling sounds
- inhaled air collides with secretions in trachea and large bronchi
45
course crackles occur with
pulmonary edema, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, depresent cough reflex
46
atelectatic crackles
- sound like fine crackles but do not last and are not indications of disease
- occurs in older adults, bedridden patients, and in patients that just arouse from sleep
47
pleural friction (description and causes)
- course and low pitched
- course gating sound
- causes: pleuritis
48
high pitched wheeze (description and causes)
- musical
- may be inspiratory and expiratory (prominate)
- air squeezing through narrow passageways
- Causes: acute asthma or chronic emphysema
49
low pitched wheezes (description and causes)
- inspiration and expiration (prominate)
- vibration in narrow airways (airflow obstruction)
- Causes: single bronchitis obstruction, tumor
50
stridor
- high pitched, monophonic, inspiratory, crowding sound that can be heard lower in the neck
51
stridor is indicative of
croup, acute epiglotis, foreign body inhalation
52
Acute bronchitis description
inflammation of mucous membranes of bronichial tree caused by viruses or bacteria
53
acute bronchitis clinical findings
- initially non-productive cough that may become productive
- substernal chest pain aggrivated by coughing
- fever, malaise, tachypnea
- rhonchi and crackles frequently heard, wheezing heard after coughing
54
pneumonia description
inflammation of terminal bronchioles and alveoli
55
pneumonia clinical manifestations
- Viral: non-productive cough or clear sputum
- Bacterial: productive cough with white, yellow, or green sputum
- fever, tachypnea, and dyspnea
- crackles and wheezing heard on auscultation
56
tuberculosis clinical findings
- usually initially asymptomatic; fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, fever
- later produces mucopurulent sputum
57
pleural effusion description
accumulation of serous fluid in pleural space between visceral and pariteal pleurae
58
pleural effusion findings
- dependent on the degree of fluid accumulation
- dyspnea, intercostal bulging, or decreased chest wall movement
59
asthma description
hyperactive airway disease characterized by bronchoconstriction, airway obstruction, and inflammation
60
asthma clincial findings
prolonged expiration, audiable wheeze, dyspnea, tachcardia, anxious appearance, possibility of accessory muscles, cough
- expiratory wheeze, deminished breath sounds
61
emphysema clinical findings
- underweight, barrel chest, short of breath with mild exertion
- wheezing and crackles on auscultation, decreased diaphragmatic excursion or percussion
62
closed pneumothorax
spontanous, tramatic, or iatrogenic
63
open pneumothorax
tramatic, iatrogenic
64
tension pneumothorax
developes when air leaks into the pleura and cannot escape
65
pneumothorax clinical findings
- shortness or breath, anxiety, chest pain, severe respiratory distress (dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis)
- paradoxical chest movement
- tracheal displacement toward unaffected side
66
hemothorax description
blood in the pleural space caused by injury to the chest or thoracic surgery
67
hemothorax findings
distinct muffled breath sounds, dullness with percusion
68
atelectasis
collapse of the lung
69
atelectasis casues
external pressure from tumor, fluid, or air in the pleural space
70
compression atelectasis
removal of air due to hypoventilation
71
absorption atelectasis
due to obstruction by secretion
72
atelectasis clinical findings
- affected lobe has diminished or absent breath sounds
- oxygen saturation may decrease to less than 90%
73
lung cancer clinical findings
- persistant cough, weight loss, congestion, wheezing, hemoptysis, laboured breathing, or dyspnea
- tumour: lung sounds may be diminished
- percussion tones may be dull over tumor
