Chapter 24: Musculo-Skeletal System Flashcards
bone
hard, ridgid, and very dense
functions of the musculoskaletal system
- support
- movement
- protect vital orders
- produce red blood cells
- reservoir for the storage of essential minerals (calcium, phosphorous)
joint
place of union between 2 bones
nonsynovial joints
- bones are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage and are immovable or slightly moveable
EXAMPLE: sutures in the skull, vertebrae
synovial joints
are freely moveable because the bones are separate from each other and enclosed in a joint
synovial fluid purpose
fluid that allows the sliding of opposing forced which enables movement
what covers synovial joints
cartilage
ligaments
fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another that strenghtens the joint and help prevent movement in undesirable directions
bursa
enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid
where are bursas located
located in areas of potential friction and help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone
- subacrominal bursa of the shoulder
- prepatellar bursa of the knee
what percent of body weight do muscles account for
40-50%
skeletal muscle is composed of
bundles of muscle fibres (fasciculi)
tendon
how skeletal muscles are attatched to bone
flextion
bending a limb at the joint
extension
straightening the limb at the joint
abduction
moving a limb away from the midline of the body
adduction
moving a limb toward the midline of the body
pronation
turning the forearm so that the palm is down
supination
turning the forearm so the palm is up
circumduction
moving the are in a circle around the shoulder
inversion
moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle
eversion
moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
rotation
moving the head around a central axis
protraction
moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground
retraction
moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground
elevation
raising a body part
depression
lowing a body part
temporomandibular joint
the articulation of the mandible and temporal bone
what are the three actions the temporomandibular joint does
- hinge action to open and close the jaws
- gliding action for protrusion and retraction
- gliding action for side-by-side movement of the lower jaw
the spinous processes of C7 and T1 are prominent at
the base of the neck
the inferior angle of the scapula normally is at the interspace between
T7 and T8
intervertebral discs
elastic fibrocartilaginous plates that constitute 1/4 of the lenght of the column
nucleous pulposus
- in the center of the intervertebral discs
- made up of soft, semifluid, mucoid material that has the consistency of toothpaste
- acts as a shock absorber
glenohumeral joint
the articulation of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
- ball and socket action
the subacromial bursa helps during
abduction of the arm
the elbow joint contains which 3 bony articulations
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
radiocarpal joint
articualtion of the radius (thumb side) and a row of carpal bones
condyloid action enables movement in two planes ar right angles:
- flexion and extension
- side-to-side deviation
midcarpal joint
the articulation between two parallel rows of carpal bones
the metacarpophalangeal and the interphalangeal joints enable
finger flexion and extension
the knee joint is the articulation of which 3 bones
- femur
- tibia
- patella
tibiotalar joint is the articulation of the
- tibia
- fibula
- talus
tibiotalar joint actions
- flexion (dorsiflextion)
- extension (plantar flextion)
lenghtening occurs at the
epiphyses
epiphyses
growth plates
the most characteristic change during pregnancy is
progressive lordosis
- shifting the weight further back on the lower extremities
osteoporosis
loss of bone density
what are the most common musculoskeletal concerns
joint pain and loss of function
rheumatoid arthritis
symmetrical, involving the same joints on both sides
when is rheumatoid arthritis most painful
in the morning
when is psteoarthritis worse
later in the day
when is tendinitis worse
in the morning and improves during the day
myalgia is usually found as
cramping or aching
widespread musculo-skeletal pain lasting more then 3 months or longer and associated with fatigue is suggestive of
fibromyaligia
calf pain may represent
intermittent claudation
functional assesment is used to
asses the saftey of independent living, the need for home care services, and quality of life
active volunatary ROM
while modelling the movements yourself as appropriate; can use your own movements as control
if limitation, generally attempt
passive motion
passive motion
persons muscles relaxed while you move the body part
Articular Disease
Inside the joint capsule, such as arthritis
- produces swelling and tenderness around the whole joint
- limits both active and passive ROM in all planes
Extra-articular disease
injury to a specific tendon, ligament or nerve
- produces swelling and tenderness to one spot
- affects ROM in only certain planes
Crepitation
audible palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement
- occurs when the articular surfaces in the joints are roughened, as in rheumatoid arthritis
grade 5 ROM
- full ROM against gravity, full resistance
- 100%
- normal
grade 4 ROM
full ROM against gravity, some resistance
- 75%
- good
grade 3 ROM
full ROM with gravity
- 50%
- fair
grade 2 ROM
full ROM with gravity eliminated (passive motion)
- 25%
- poor
grade 1 ROM
slight contraction
- 10%
- trace
grade 0 ROM
no contraction
- 0%
- zero
Temporomandibular joints ROM muscle testing movements
- vertical motion
- lateral motion
- protrusion
cervical spine ROM muscle testing movements
- flexion
- extension
- lateral bend
- rotation
shoulder ROM muscle testing movements
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
elbow ROM muscle testing movements
flexion
extension
wrists and hands ROM muscle testing movements
- flexion
- extension
hip ROM muscle testing movements
- flexion
- extension
- internal rotation
- external rotation
- abduction
- adduction
knee ROM muscle testing movements
flexion
extension
ankle ROM muscle testing movements
- flexion
- extension
- inversion
- eversion
spine ROM muscle testing movements
- flexion
- extension
subcutaneous nodules
raised, firm, nontender, overlying skin moves freely
- occur with rheumatoid arthritis
ulnar deviation
fingers list to ulnar side
ankylosis
wrist with extreme flexion
dupuytrenc contracture
flexion contracture of one or more fingers
positive phalen test
numbness and burning sensation occurs with carpal tunnel syndrome
positives tinels sign
burning and tingeling sensations along its distribution occurs with carpal tunnel syndrome
components of the axial skeleton
- facial bones
- auditory ossicles
- vertebrae
- ribs
- sternum
- hyoid bone
components of appendicular skeleton
- scapula
- clavicle
- bones of the pelvis and leg
circumduction
- moving the arm in a cirlce around the shoulder
rotation
- moving the head around a central axis
arthritis determinate of health
- biology and genetics
- income and social status, employment and working conditions
- access to health services
- personal health practices
fractures social determinates
- biology and genetic endowment
- income and social status, employment and working conditions
- access to health services
when would you do an acute assesment
- trauma
- bleeding
- fracture
expected findings of phalen test
- no symptoms with acute wrist flexion 60 seconds
+ phalen test
numbness and burning sensation (carpal tunnel syndrome)
tinnels sign
percuss median nerve of wrist
expected tinnels sign
no symtpms
+ tinnels signs
- unexpected
- burning and tingeling (carpal tunnel)
bulge sign
fluid in the suprapatellar pouch
ballottement of patella
larger amounts of fluid
mcmurry test
patients with reported history of trauma followed by locking, giving away, or local pain in the knee
developmental considerations in older adults
- fatigue
- gait changes
- muscle deterioration
- decreased strenght
- fall risk
- aids
- medications
- functional assesment
developmental considerations for adolescents
- increase of sport related injuries
- kyphosis
- scoliosis
