Chapter 25: Neurological System Flashcards
1
Q
CNS includes
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
afferent messages
A
to the CNS from sensory receptors
3
Q
efferent messages
A
from the CNS out to muscles and glands
4
Q
left hemisphere
A
- dominant in 95% of right handed people and many who are left handed
5
Q
frontal lobe functions
A
- personality
- behaviour
- emotions
- and intellectual functions
6
Q
parietal lobe functions
A
contains postentral gyrus, which is the primary centre for sensation
7
Q
occipital lobe
A
primary visual receptor centre
8
Q
temporal lobe
A
primary auditory receptor centre
9
Q
wernickes area
A
- language comprehension
- damage creates receptive aphasia (person hears sound, but has no meaning)
10
Q
brocas area
A
mediates motor speech
formation of words
- damage creates expressive aphasia (person cannot talk; however they understand language)
11
Q
basal ganglia
A
- grey matter buired deep within the two cerebral hemispheres
- balance the production of acetylcholine and dopamine
- control automatic assoicated movement of the body, such as the arm swing that alternates with leg movements during walking
12
Q
thalamus
A
“relay system”
13
Q
hypothalamus
A
- controlling temp
- heart rate
- blood pressure
- regulating sleep
- regulating the anterior and posterior pituitary gland
- coordinating autonomic system activity and emotional status
14
Q
cerebellum
A
- motor coordination of voluntary movements
- equilibrium
- muscle tone
*coordinates and smooths movement
15
Q
the brainstem consists of
A
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
16
Q
medulla functions
A
- vital autonomic (respiratory, cardiac, GI functions)
- cranial nerves VIII the XII
- pyramidal decussation occurs here
17
Q
pyramidal decussation
A
crossing of the nerve fibres
18
Q
crossed representation
A
left cerebral cortex recieves sensory information from, and controls motor function to, the right side
19
Q
spinothalamic tract
A
transmits sensations of pain, temperature, touch (not precisely localized)
20
Q
posterior (dorsal) columns
A
conduct sensations of position (proprioception), vibration, and finely localized touch
21
Q
finely localizzed touch is known as
A
stereognosis
22
Q
what is the homunculus
A
latin for little man
- illistration representing the proportion of the brain that is responsible for sensations in particular body parts
23
Q
Diencephalon consists of
A
- thalamus
- hypothalmus
- epithalmus
- subthalmus
24
Q
epithalamus
A
contains pineal gland, which causes sleepiness and helps regulate some endocrine functions
25
subthalamus
part of the extrapyramidal system of autonomic nervous system and basal ganglia
26
the brainstem consists of
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
27
spinal cord
the continuation of medulla oblongata that begins at foramen magnum and ends at first and second lumbar vertebrae
28
peripheral nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
29
cranial nerves
5 pairs have only motor fibers, 3 pairs have only sensory fibres, 4 pairs have both motor and sensory fibres
30
spinal nerves
emerge from the spinal cord
- cervical 8
- thoracic 12
- lumbar 5
- sacral 5
- coccygeal 1
31
sympathetic nervous system
arises from thoracolumbar segements of spinal cord and is activated during stress (fight or flight response)
32
parasympathetic nervous system
- arises from craniosacral segments of spinal cord and controls vegetative functions (breed and feed)
33
dizziness
decreased cerebral blood flow
34
vertigo
vestibular disorder
35
tremors
involunaty shoking, trembeling
36
paresis
- weakness of voluntary movements
37
paralysis
- loss of motor function due to lesions in neurological or muscular system
38
dysmetria
- inability to control ROM
39
paresthesia
numbness or tingeling
40
dysarthria
difficultly speaking
41
dysphagia
- difficultly swallowing
42
hypoaesthesia
decreased touch sensation
43
anaesthesia
absent touch sensation
44
hyperaesthesia
increased touch sensation
45
hypoalgesia
decreased pain sensation
46
analgesia
absence of pain sensation
47
hyperalgesia
increased pain sensation
48
peripheral vibration test
- tuning fork
- start distal interphalangeal joints and move proximally; comapare sides
49
grade 0
- no contraction
- 0
- zero
50
grade 1
- slight contraction
- 10
- trace
51
grade 2
- full ROM with gravity eliminated (passive motion)
- 25
- poor
52
grade 3
- full ROM with gravity
- 50
- fair
53
grade 4
- full ROM against gravity, some resistance
- 75
- good
54
grade 5
- full ROM against gravity, full resistance
- 100
- normal
55
shoulder
c3
56
deltoid
c4
57
biceps
c5
58
triceps
C7
59
wrist
c8
60
hand
c6/8
61
ankle dorsiflexion
L4/5
62
ankle plantarflexion
S1
63
ataxia
uncoordinated gait
64
romberg test
patient stands with feet together and arms at sides and closes eyes for 20 seconds
65
unexpected findings in the romberg test
- loss of balance with eyes closed, swaying, widening base of feet to avoid falling, falling
- possible cuases: cerebellar ataxia, vestibular function loss, proproception loss
66
biceps
c5,c6
67
brachioradialis
c5,c6
68
patellar
L2-4
69
achilles
S1, S2
70
grade 0 reflexes
no response
71
grade 1 reflexes
diminished, low normal
72
grade 2 reflexes
average, normal
73
grade 3 reflexes
brisker than average, may indicate disease
74
grade 4 reflexes
very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease
75
clonus
- rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle
- upper motor neuron disease (MS)
76
hyperreflexia
- exaggerated reflex; loss of inhibiting influence of higher cortical levels
- upper motor lesions (CVA)
77
hyporeflexia
- interruption of sensory afferent pathways or destruction of motor efferent fibres
- lower motor problem (SPinal cord injury)
78
dysmetria
inability to control ROM
79
anosmia
decrease or loss of smell
80
CN I
olfactory
- sensory
81
CN II
Optic
- sensory
82
how to test CNI
familar scents
83
how to test CNII
- visual foods - confrontation
- visual acuity - snellen, jaegar
- ophthalmoscope
84
CNIII
oculomotor
- sensory and motor
- vision and extraocular movements
85
how to test CNIII
- eyelids and palpebral fissures
- PERLLA
- cardinal directions
- convergence
86
ptosis
dropping of the eye
87
strabismus
lazy eye
88
CNV
trigeminal
- sensory and motor
89
how to test CNV
- light touch: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular zones
- palapate temporal and massester muscles as patient clenches teeth
- corneal reflex
90
CNVII
facial nerve
- sensory and motor
91
how to test CNVII
taste
mobility and symmetry with facial expressions
92
CNVIII
vestibulocochlear
- sensory
93
how to test CNVIII
whispred voice test
94
CNIX
Glossopharyngeal
- sensory and motor
95
how to test CNIX
patient says ahhh
- tastes
96
CNX
vagus
- sensory and motor
97
how to test CNX
gag reflex
98
CNXI
spinal accessory
- motor
99
how to test CNXI
- sternomastoid and trapezius muscles agaisnt examiners resistance
100
CNXII
hypoglossal
- motor
101
how to test CNXII
- stick out tongue moce side to side
