Assessment of the eyes

Question 1

palpebral fissure

Answer 1

the opening between the eyelids

Question 2

conjunctivae

Answer 2

two thin, transparent mucous membranes, between eyelids and eyeball

Question 3

bulbar conjunctiva

Answer 3

covers sclera surface of the eyeball

Question 4

palpebral conjunctiva

Answer 4

lines eyelids and contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands

Question 5

scotoma

Answer 5

blind spot in visual feild surrounded by an area of normal vision.
- occurs with disorders of the optic nerve and glaucoma

Question 6

diplopia

Answer 6

double vision

Question 7

strabismus

Answer 7

deviation in the anterior-posterior axis of the eye

Question 8

glaucoma

Answer 8

• increased interocular pressure
• second most common cause of vision loss in older adults

Question 9

eyelids expected findings

Answer 9

• upper eyelids overlap superior iris and meet lower eyelids when closed
• skin intact, no redness, swelling, discharge, lesions

Question 10

eyelids unexpected

Answer 10

• ptosis, edema, unable to completely close

Question 11

ptosis

Answer 11

dropping of the upper eyelid

Question 12

what is the leading cause of blindness

Answer 12

age related macular degeneration (AMD)

Question 13

what is the leading cause of visual impairment in people younger than 65

Answer 13

diabetic retinopathy

Question 14

scelera expected

Answer 14

white; grey blue (darker skin individuals)

Question 15

scleral icterus

Answer 15

• yellowing of the sclera
• indicative of jaundice

Question 16

epiphora

Answer 16

excessive tearing

Question 17

macular degeneration causes

Answer 17

a loss in central vision acuity

Question 18

what is used to measure visual acuity

Answer 18

snellen eye chart

Question 19

what is normal visual acuity

Answer 19

20/20

Question 20

the numerator of the swellen chart indicates

Answer 20

how far the patient was standing from the chart

Question 21

what is the demominator of the swellen chart indicate

Answer 21

distance at which the normal coudl have read

Question 22

hirschberg’s test asseses

Answer 22

corneal light reflex
- symmetrical

Question 23

what does the cover-uncover test find

Answer 23

small degress of deviated alignment

Question 24

what is nystagmus

Answer 24

fine oscillating movement best seen around the iris

Question 25

nystagmus occurs with

Answer 25

disease of the semi-circular canals in the ears, a paretic eye muscle, MS, or brain leasions

Question 26

lid lag occurs with

Answer 26

hyperthyroidism

Question 27

exophthalmos

Answer 27

protruding eyes

Question 28

enophthalmos

Answer 28

sunken eyeballs

Question 29

pallor near the outer canthus of the lower eyelid may occur with

Answer 29

anemia

Question 30

anisocoria

Answer 30

small number of people (5%) who normally have pupils of two diffrent sizes

Question 31

pupil expected findings

Answer 31

3-5mm, equal bilaterally - anisocoria

Question 32

what does PERRLA stand for

Answer 32

Pupils Equal Round Reactive to Light Accommodation

Question 33

Pupillary Light Reflex direct reaction

Answer 33

constriction of the same size pupil with light

Question 34

Pupillary Light Reflex consensual reaction

Answer 34

simultaneous constriction of the other pupil

Question 35

how to asses peripheral vision

Answer 35

confrontation

Question 36

hwo to asses alignment

Answer 36

cover/uncover test

Question 37

how to asses extra-ocular movement

Answer 37

cardinal directions

Question 38

fundus expected findings

Answer 38

light red to dark brown

Question 39

optic disk expected findings

Answer 39

- round oval defined margins, physiologic cup bright yellow-white and less then 1/2 disc diameter

Question 40

retinal vessels

Answer 40

- paired artery and vein in each quadrant; artery lighter and narrower than veins

Question 41

macula expected findings

Answer 41

- darker compaired to fundus - fovea light reflex (ophthalmoscope)

Question 42

develomental considerations at birth

Answer 42

- macula is not fully developed

Question 43

developmental considerations at 3-4 months

Answer 43

infants can fixate on a single image with both eyes simultaneously

Question 44

most neonates are

Answer 44

farsighted (changes over time)

Question 45

the eyeball reaches full size at what age

Answer 45

8

Question 46

drusen

Answer 46

- normal development on the retinal surface - small, yellow dots that are scattered haphazardly on the retina

Question 47

fundi

Answer 47

red reflex has central dark spot, both eyes. Disc flat with sharp margins