Lower Respritory Tract (Ch. 4: p. 331 - 347)

Question 1

What are the three surfaces of the lungs

Answer 1

Costal
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic

Question 2

What are the three borders of the lungs

Answer 2

Anterior - thin
Posterior - tall and columnar
Inferior - along diaphragmatic surface

Question 3

What are the two fissures of the right lung

Answer 3

Oblique and horizontal

Question 4

What is the fissure of the left lung

Answer 4

Oblique fissure

Question 5

What are the two special characteristics of the L lung

Answer 5

Cardiac notch

Lingula

Question 6

Where do the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet

Answer 6

At the anterior border

Question 7

What separates the diaphragmatic surface from the other two

Answer 7

The inferior border

Question 8

Where do the costal and mediastinal surface meet

Answer 8

At the posterior border

Question 9

What is the pulmonary L.

Answer 9

A double layer of pleura with some connective tissue

Question 10

What does the costodiaphragmatic recess hold

Answer 10

The inferior border during inspiration

Question 11

What does the costomediastinal recess hold

Answer 11

The anterior and inferior border during inspiration

Question 12

What are the parts of the parietal pleura

Answer 12

Cervical pleura (most superior)

Costal pleura (anteriolateral)

Diaphragmatic pleura (inferior)

Mediastinal pleura (medially)

Question 13

Trachea is made up of what

Answer 13

Disconnected cartilaginous rings

Question 14

Do the bronchioles have cartilage?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

What is the basic structural unit of gas exchange

Answer 15

Pulmonary alveoli

Question 16

What substance keeps alveoli inflated

Answer 16

Surfactant

Question 17

Parasympathetic fibers arise from that N and are what type of fibers

Answer 17

Arise from Vagus N. And are presynaptic fibers

Question 18

What are parasympathetic fibers responsible for

Answer 18

Motor of smooth muscle - bronchio constriction

Inhibitory of pul. Vessels - vasodilation

Secretory to glands

Question 19

What do pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibers synapse with and where

Answer 19

Synapse with parasympathetic ganglion cells in pulmonary plexus.

Question 20

What type of fibers are sympathetic fibers

Answer 20

Postsynaptic fibers

Question 21

What are sympathetic fibers responsible for

Answer 21

Inhibit bronchial muscle - brionchodialation

Motor to bronchial vessels - vasoconstriction

Inhibit glands - especially Type II secretory epithelial cells

Question 22

What are the two branches of the visceral afferent fibers of the pulmonary plexus and what do they travel with

Answer 22

Reflexive - accompany paraysmpathetic fibers

Nocieptive (pain) - accompany sympathetic fibers

Question 23

The skin dermatione sends signals to where

Answer 23

The posterior horn

Question 24

Myotome receives signals from where

Answer 24

Anterior horn

Question 25

Pre-synaptic fibers connect how

Answer 25

To the anterior rami via white communicating ramus

Question 26

Post-synaptic fibers connect where and by what

Answer 26

Pass from ganglia of sympathetic trunk via gray rami to join anterior rami

Question 27

Bronchial A. Is what for the lungs

Answer 27

Blood supply

Question 28

What does the right brachial V. Drain into

Answer 28

The azygos V.

Question 29

What does the Left brachial V. Drain into

Answer 29

Hemi-azygos V.

Question 30

The cervical pleura is higher in who

Answer 30

Infants and young children due to the shortness of their necks

Question 31

Define secondary atelectasis

Answer 31

Collapse of a previously inflated lung

Question 32

Define primary atelectasis

Answer 32

Failure of the lung to inflate at birth

Question 33

What is the normal pressure of the lungs

Answer 33

About -2 mmHg

Question 34

What does the lung pressure become with inspiration

Answer 34

About -8 mmHg

Question 35

When the lung collapses, what happens

Answer 35

Air or fluid accumulates in pleural cavity which becomes a real space This causes the lung to collapse due to loss of surface tension

Question 36

The mediastinum shifts how with a collapsed lung

Answer 36

To the affected side

Question 37

Chest tube should be directed how for air removal vs how for fluid removal

Answer 37

Superiorly vs inferiorly

Question 38

Define lung decortication

Answer 38

Accumulation of a resistant fibrous covering due to excess fluid that restricts lung movement

Question 39

Inflammation fo the pleural cavity and or loss of pleural fluid

Answer 39

Pleuritis

Question 40

What is heard with pleuritis

Answer 40

Pleural rub

Question 41

What is responsible for the cough reflex

Answer 41

The carina

Question 42

Define cor pulmonale

Answer 42

RA and RV distended due to increase blood volume and inability of blood to be pushed through the pulmonary circuit due to PE

Question 43

What other N. Can be involved in apical lung cancer besides the phrenic N.

Answer 43

Recurrent laryngeal N.

Question 44

Which part of the parietal pleura is most sensitive to pain

Answer 44

The costal pleura

Question 45

Can the visceral pleura feel pain

Answer 45

No

Question 46

Where can referred pain from pleural pain be located

Answer 46

Root of the neck, over the shoulder

Question 47

What are lines of pleural reflection

Answer 47

Abrupt changes in the direction of parietal pleura

Question 48

Define Sternal Line of Pleural Reflection

Answer 48

Costal pleura becomes Mediastinal Pleura anteriorly

Question 49

Define Costal Line of Pleural Reflection

Answer 49

Costal Pleura becomes diaphragmatic pleura

Question 50

Define vertebral line of pleural reflection

Answer 50

Costal pleura becomes mediastinal pleura posteriorly