Lower Respritory Tract (Ch. 4: p. 331 - 347) Flashcards
What are the three surfaces of the lungs
Costal
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic
What are the three borders of the lungs
Anterior - thin
Posterior - tall and columnar
Inferior - along diaphragmatic surface
What are the two fissures of the right lung
Oblique and horizontal
What is the fissure of the left lung
Oblique fissure
What are the two special characteristics of the L lung
Cardiac notch
Lingula
Where do the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet
At the anterior border
What separates the diaphragmatic surface from the other two
The inferior border
Where do the costal and mediastinal surface meet
At the posterior border
What is the pulmonary L.
A double layer of pleura with some connective tissue
What does the costodiaphragmatic recess hold
The inferior border during inspiration
What does the costomediastinal recess hold
The anterior and inferior border during inspiration
What are the parts of the parietal pleura
Cervical pleura (most superior)
Costal pleura (anteriolateral)
Diaphragmatic pleura (inferior)
Mediastinal pleura (medially)
Trachea is made up of what
Disconnected cartilaginous rings
Do the bronchioles have cartilage?
No
What is the basic structural unit of gas exchange
Pulmonary alveoli
What substance keeps alveoli inflated
Surfactant
Parasympathetic fibers arise from that N and are what type of fibers
Arise from Vagus N. And are presynaptic fibers
What are parasympathetic fibers responsible for
Motor of smooth muscle - bronchio constriction
Inhibitory of pul. Vessels - vasodilation
Secretory to glands
What do pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibers synapse with and where
Synapse with parasympathetic ganglion cells in pulmonary plexus.
What type of fibers are sympathetic fibers
Postsynaptic fibers
What are sympathetic fibers responsible for
Inhibit bronchial muscle - brionchodialation
Motor to bronchial vessels - vasoconstriction
Inhibit glands - especially Type II secretory epithelial cells
What are the two branches of the visceral afferent fibers of the pulmonary plexus and what do they travel with
Reflexive - accompany paraysmpathetic fibers
Nocieptive (pain) - accompany sympathetic fibers
The skin dermatione sends signals to where
The posterior horn
Myotome receives signals from where
Anterior horn
Pre-synaptic fibers connect how
To the anterior rami via white communicating ramus
Post-synaptic fibers connect where and by what
Pass from ganglia of sympathetic trunk via gray rami to join anterior rami
Bronchial A. Is what for the lungs
Blood supply
What does the right brachial V. Drain into
The azygos V.
What does the Left brachial V. Drain into
Hemi-azygos V.
The cervical pleura is higher in who
Infants and young children due to the shortness of their necks
Define secondary atelectasis
Collapse of a previously inflated lung
Define primary atelectasis
Failure of the lung to inflate at birth
What is the normal pressure of the lungs
About -2 mmHg
What does the lung pressure become with inspiration
About -8 mmHg
When the lung collapses, what happens
Air or fluid accumulates in pleural cavity which becomes a real space
This causes the lung to collapse due to loss of surface tension
The mediastinum shifts how with a collapsed lung
To the affected side
Chest tube should be directed how for air removal vs how for fluid removal
Superiorly vs inferiorly
Define lung decortication
Accumulation of a resistant fibrous covering due to excess fluid that restricts lung movement
Inflammation fo the pleural cavity and or loss of pleural fluid
Pleuritis
What is heard with pleuritis
Pleural rub
What is responsible for the cough reflex
The carina
Define cor pulmonale
RA and RV distended due to increase blood volume and inability of blood to be pushed through the pulmonary circuit due to PE
What other N. Can be involved in apical lung cancer besides the phrenic N.
Recurrent laryngeal N.
Which part of the parietal pleura is most sensitive to pain
The costal pleura
Can the visceral pleura feel pain
No
Where can referred pain from pleural pain be located
Root of the neck, over the shoulder
What are lines of pleural reflection
Abrupt changes in the direction of parietal pleura
Define Sternal Line of Pleural Reflection
Costal pleura becomes Mediastinal Pleura anteriorly
Define Costal Line of Pleural Reflection
Costal Pleura becomes diaphragmatic pleura
Define vertebral line of pleural reflection
Costal pleura becomes mediastinal pleura posteriorly
