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V - KCU - CP (T1) - OMS1 > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the mediastinum

A

Superior thoracic aperture
Diaphragm
Anterior - sternum
Posterior - thoracic vertebrae

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2
Q

Above what is the superior mediastinum

A

Sternal angle (inferior border)

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3
Q

What are the three parts of the inferior mediastinum and what are contained in each

A

Anterior - nothing
Middle - heart and roots of GV
Posterior - descending aorta

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4
Q

What is contained in the superior mediastinum

A

The arotic arch and GV

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5
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

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6
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium and its function. What is it continuous with?

A

Tough external part

Continuous with central tendon of the diaphragm

Prevents the heart from overdialating

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7
Q

What does the fibrous pericardium continue with superiorly

A

Tunica adventitia (perivascular CT)

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8
Q

How is the fibrous pericardium attached to the sternum

A

Sternopericardial L.’s

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9
Q

What is the internal layer of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

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10
Q

What layer covers the heart

A

The visceral layer of serous pericardium which is also the epicardium

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11
Q

What is the visceral layer of serous pericardium mainly composed of

A

Mesothelium

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12
Q

Define the pericardial cavity

A

Potential space between parietal and visceral serous pericardium that contains a small amount of pericardial fluid which helps heart beat freely

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13
Q

Define the transverse pericardial sinus

A

Transverse passage in the serous pericardium between aorta and pul. Trunk and the great veins of the heart

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14
Q

How is the transverse pericardial sinus formed

A

Formed in the primordial heart when the primordial atrial and venous ends come together

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15
Q

Define the oblique pericardial sinus

A

The passage in the serous pericardium between the veins of the heart

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16
Q

Why does the oblique pericardial sinus form

A

From vein expansion

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17
Q

What A. Supplies the pericardium and what V. Empties it

A

The pericadiacophrenic A. And V.

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18
Q

What is the sensory and motor N.’s of the

A

Sensory - phrenic N.

Motor - sympathetic trunks

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19
Q

Define the LUB

A

1st sound heard
Blood from atria to vent.

closing of the AV valves

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20
Q

Define the dub

A

2nd sound

Ventricles expel blood

Closing of semi-lunar valves

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21
Q

What are the three layers of the heart and what are they made up of

A
  1. Epicardium - most superficial made up of visceral serous pericardium/mesothelium
  2. Myocardium - middle layer of thick spiraling muscles
  3. Endocardium - thin internal layer of endothelial cells
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22
Q

When ventricles contract, what type of motion do they make

A

A wringing motion, tightening the spiral muscles

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23
Q

How does heart contract in general

A

From apex to base and base to apex

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24
Q

What is the cardiac muscle anchored to

A

The fibrous skeleton of the heart

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25
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made up of

A

Dense collagenous fibers

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26
Q

What does the fibrous skeleton o f the heart surround

A

All four valves with a ring

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27
Q

What are the three functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  1. Attachment points for myocardium
  2. Attachment point for cuspid valves
  3. Provides insulation for electrical conduction
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28
Q

What part specifically of the fibrous skeleton provides insulation for. Electrical conduction

A

The membranous part of the interarterial and interventricular septum

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29
Q

What forms the apex

A

The inferolateral part of the LV

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30
Q

What are the three surfaces of the heart and what occupies them

A
  1. Sertnocostal - RV
  2. Diaphragmatic - LV and RV
  3. Pulmonary - RA and LV respectively
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31
Q

What are the 4 borders of the heart and what occupies them

A
  1. Right - RA
  2. Inferior - RV
  3. Left - LV
  4. Superior - R and L atria
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32
Q

What separates the RA and the RV and what does it transmit

A

R atrioventricular Groove with RCA

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33
Q

What separates the LA from the LV and what is with it

A

L atrioventricular groove with the coronary sinus

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34
Q

What separates the LV and RV on the anterior aspect and what runs with it

A

Anterior interventricular groove with the anterior interventricular A. (LAD) and the great cardiac V.

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35
Q

What separates the Lv and RV on the posterior side and what runs with it

A

Posterior interventricular groove with the posterior interventricular A. And the middle cardiac V.

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36
Q

Define the sulcus terminalis

A

External vertical groove corresponding to the internal crista terminalis

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37
Q

What do the sulcus terminalis (external) and crista terminalis (internal) divide

A

Divides the sinus vernaum and the pectinate muscle from each other within the RA

38
Q

Define the ligamentum arteriosum

A

The embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the Aortic Arch

39
Q

Define the sinus venarum

A

Smooth muscle of the RA

40
Q

What empties into the sinus Venarum

A

IVC/SVC/Coronary sinuses

41
Q

Define pectinate M.

A

Rough muscle of the RA

42
Q

Define the interatrial septum

A

Wall between the two atria

43
Q

What is the passage called from the RA to the RV

A

R atrioventricular orifice

44
Q

What valve guards the R atrioventricular orifice

A

The tricuspid valve

45
Q

What attaches to the cusps of each AV valve (muscle and tendon)

A

The chordae tendonae which are attached to papillary muscles

46
Q

What cusps do the anterior, posterior, and septal papillary muscles attach to respectively

A

Anterior
Posterior
Septal

47
Q

Define trabecula carnae

A

The rough muscle region of the RV and LV

48
Q

The papillary muscles are attached to what part of the RV

A

Trabecula carnae

49
Q

Define the septomarginal trabeculum and its function

A

Part of the trabecula carnae

Transmits the RBB to the anterior papillary M.

50
Q

Define the conus arteriosus

A

Smooth walled part of RV which leads into the pulmonary trunk

51
Q

What valve leads to the pulmonary trunk/arteries

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

52
Q

What is smooth muscle walls called in the LA

A

Sinus venarum

53
Q

What contains the pectinate M.’s in the LA

A

The left auricle

54
Q

What is the passage from the LA to the LV called and what guards it

A

The left atrioventricular orifice guarded by the mitral (bicuspid) valve

55
Q

What is the rough and smooth muscle wall regions of the LV called

A

Rough - trabeculae carnae

Smooth - aortic vestibule

56
Q

What does the interventricular septum house

A

The AV Bundle, LBB, RBB

57
Q

Where are the purkinjie fibers and LBB and RBB located

A

Endocardium, V. Deep

58
Q

What is the division between the superior and inferior mediastinum

A

Transverse thoracic plane

59
Q

When is widening of the mediastinum noted

A

Observed after trauma to the chest after a laceration to the great vessels

Malignant lymphoma

Hypertophy due to CHF

60
Q

What space is used for a cross clamping of the aorta and pulmonary trunk in a bypass surgery

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

61
Q

What is pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium which can cause a friction rub

62
Q

Define pericardial effusion

A

Fluid from the pericardial capillaries leaks into the pericardial space, compressing the heart

63
Q

Define cardiac tamponade and what can it result from

A

Due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space

Can result from pericardial effusion, pneumo, MI, or pneumopericardium

64
Q

Define a pericardiocentesis and the procedure itself

A

Draining of fluid from the pericardial sac

Large-bore needle is inserted into the 5th or 6th ICS near the sternum or via the xiphocostal angle

65
Q

Define dextrocardia and what causes it

A

Misplacement of the heart to the right instead of the left

Caused by misfolding of the embryonic heart tube to the left

66
Q

Define isolated dextrocardia and dextrocardia with situs inversus

Which one is more serious?

A

ID = just heart switched

ID w/SI = transposition of abdominal viscera as well

ID is more serious

67
Q

What part of the adult heart represents the primordial atrium

A

Right auricle

68
Q

The coronary sinus is a derivative of what

A

Sinus venous

69
Q

The foramen ovale closes when

A

The baby takes its first breath, causing back pressure in the left atrium to increase, closing the shunt

70
Q

A patent foramen ovale is called what

A

Atrial septal defect

71
Q

A patent foramen ovale that is serious can cause what

A

Hypertrophy of the R atrium and R ventricle

72
Q

What does a VSD cause

A

Blood flow between Ventricles and cardiac hypertrophy

73
Q

Where is cardiac percussion perfomed

A

3rd, 4th, and 5th ICS

74
Q

Define valvular heart stenosis

A

Failure of the valve to open fully which slows blood flow into the chamber

75
Q

Define valvular heart insufficiency

A

A failure of the valve to close completely usually due to scaring on the cusps

76
Q

Both stenosis and insufficiency can produce what

A

Turbulence and audible murmurs

77
Q

What is the cause of insufficiency

A

Acutely - by a pathology of the valve structure itself

Chronically - by scaring or retraction

78
Q

What is the cause of stenosis

A

A result of a valve abnormality and is always a chronic process

79
Q

Define a prolapsed mitral valve

A

An insufficient valve with one or both leaflets enlarged and floppy, causing it to extend back into the atrium during systole

80
Q

What occurs due to a mitral valve insuddiciency

A

Blood regurgitates into the left atrium during systole

Usually seen in young females

81
Q

Define pulmonary valve stenosis

A

The valve cusps are fused together

82
Q

Define infundibular pulmonary stenosis

A

The conus arteriosus is underdeveloped

83
Q

What do pulmonary valve stenosi cause

A

A restricted RV outflow

84
Q

Define pulmonary valve incompetence

A

Results in a back-rush of blood under high pressure into the RV during diastole

85
Q

What is the most frequent valve stenosis

A

Aortic valve stenosis

86
Q

What is the result of aortic valve stenosis

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

87
Q

What does aortic valve insufficiency cause

A

Back-rush of blood into the left ventricle, producing a heart murmur and a collapsing pulse

88
Q

The ligamentum arteriosum travels from where to where

A

From the superior aspect of the pulmonary trunk to the inferior concave border of the aortic arch

89
Q

What did the ductus arteriosus do

A

Shunted blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta to bypass the lungs

90
Q

What N. Loops around the ligamentum arteriosum

A

The left recurrent laryngeal N. Of the Vagus N.

91
Q

Where does the electrode of a pacemaker implanted

A

In the trabecula carnae of the RV

V - KCU - CP (T1) - OMS1 (23 decks)

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