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V - KCU - CP (T1) - OMS1 > Heart Development > Flashcards

Heart Development Flashcards

1
Q

In what week does the heart form

A

Wk. 3

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2
Q

In what week does circulation begin

A

Wk. 4

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3
Q

What is the heart derived from

A

Splanchnic mesoderm and NC Cells

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4
Q

Heart fields are what in origin

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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5
Q

Where do the primary heart fields develop and what do they develop into

A

Develop from the cranial end mesoderm of the primary streak

Develop into:
LA, RA, LV

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6
Q

Where do secondary heart fields develop from and what do they develop into

A

Develop from the mesoderm of the pharyngeal arches

Develop into:
RV, outflow tract, and part of the atria

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7
Q

The three layers of the heart are derived from what

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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8
Q

What is mesentary

A

A double layer of splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

In utero, the heart is suspended by what?

A

Dorsal mesoderm which becomes part of the posterior wall

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10
Q

What forms the truncus arteriosus and aorticopulmonary septa

A

Neural crest cells that originate in the myelechephalan and then migrate through pharyngeal arches 3 - 6

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11
Q

What genes regulate cardiac NC cell migration and differentiation

A

Hox
Nf - 1
Pax - 3

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12
Q

What do the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis do

A

Fuse together to form the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

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13
Q

Angioblasts are what and are derived from what

A

Are cardiogenic cords and are derived from splanchnic mesoderm

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14
Q

How do the bulbus cordis and ventricles behave

A

They separate and move in oposite directions

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15
Q

What is normal heart folding

A

R folding

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16
Q

How is the atrioventricular canal formed

A

Endocardial cushions move together and form L and R AV canals which also separate atria from ventricles

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17
Q

What are the endocardial cushions formed from

A

Mesodermal growth from the dorsal and ventral walls

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18
Q

What can produces AV canal defects

A

Disruption of retinoid signaling

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19
Q

What does the pectinate muscle come from

A

Primordial heart tube

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20
Q

What does the cardiac smooth muscle come from

A

Sinus venosus from the R sinus horn

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21
Q

What does the sinus venosus come from

A

The R sinus horn

22
Q

What does the right horn of the sinus venosus give rise to

A

The sinus venarum - smooth part of the RA
Orifices of superior and inferior vena cave
Orifices of the coronary sinus

23
Q

What does the left horn of sinus venosus become

A

The coronary sinus

24
Q

The R sinuatrial valve of the sinus venosus gives rise to what

A

Cranial - crista terminalis

Caudal - valve of coronary sinus

25
Q

What is the sinus venosus

A

The first chamber that empties into the RA

26
Q

What does the septum primum and septum secundum meet with

A

The endocardial cushions

27
Q

Define the foramen primum

A

The first shunt of the septum primum

Gone when fused with endocardial cushions

28
Q

Define the foramen secundum

A

Second foramen of the septum primum

Formation ensures shunting between LA and RA

29
Q

Define the foramen ovale

A

Foramen of the septum secundum

Closes when baby takes its first breaths

30
Q

What happens in regards to the septums when the baby takes its first few breaths

A

The septum primum and the septum secundum fuse together, forming the interatrial septum

The foramen ovale also closes

31
Q

How does the interventricular septum form

A

Muscular portion extends to meet the endocardial cushions but can’t make it, so membranous part takes over and reaches it

32
Q

What is the interventricular septum formed from

A

Splanchinic mesoderm

33
Q

How does the membranous interventricular septum form

A

Right and left bulbar ridges fuse, thus creating the membranous part and extending the interventricular septum

34
Q

Defects in the interventricular septum result from what

A

A defect in the membranous part

35
Q

What are the left and right bulbar ridges formed from

A

NC Cells

36
Q

Define acyanotic cardiac abnormality

A

L to R shunt

37
Q

Define cyanotic cardiac abnormalities

A

R to L shunt

38
Q

Ductus arteriosus

Classification:
Why does it occur:
Treatment:
CLinical presentation:

A

Acyanotic

PDA doesnt close due to PGE2 which is mediated by COX2

Treat with COX - 2 inhibitors

Presents as poor eating, tachycardia, high pressure inlungs - capillary destruction

39
Q

Define atrial septal defect

Classification:

Why does it occur:

A

Acyanotic

Occurs due to septums not closing at right time

40
Q

Define ositum secundum

A

A patent foramen ovale with a patent foramen secundum (mismatched and do not fuse shut)

Caused by excessive cell death and reabsorption of septum primum

41
Q

Define ositum primum

A

Septum primum (foramen primum) does not fuse with endocardial cushion

This is also associated with a mitral valve cleft

42
Q

Define VSD

Classification:
Why does it occur:
CLinical presentation:

A

Acyanotic

Membranous part of IVS does not form due to NC Cells

The bulbus ridge did not fuse with the endocardial cushion

43
Q

Define complete AV septal defect

A

Primum ASD (ositis primum) that is contiguous with a VSD and a common AV valve

44
Q

Define partial AV septal defect

A

Primum ASD (ositis primum) a single AV annulus with 2 separate valve orifieces

45
Q

What is the embryological basis for AV septal defect and who does it mostly affect

A

Failure of endocardial cushions to fuse

Mostly affects people with Downs

46
Q

Define corrected transposition of the great vessels

Embryological basis? Type?

A

The RA sends blood to the LV and the LA send blood to the RV

The RV then has the aorta and the LV has the PT

Blood flow is correct

Acyanotic

Due to improper rotation of the heart

47
Q

Define transposition of the great vessels

A

The great vessels have the wrong ventricles

Cyanotic

48
Q

Define tet. Of fallot

A

Features include pulmonary stenosis
IVS defect
Overriding aorta
RV hypertrophy

Oxygenated blood and deoxy blood is mixed and sent to aorta due to no septum and a big, in the way aorta

49
Q

Why is critical pulmonary stenosis cyanotic

A

Decreased pulmonary blood flow to lungs

50
Q

What are the features of critical aortic stenosis

A

Tachypnea
Poor feeding
Poor perfusion

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Cyanotic

51
Q

Define hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A

Cyanotic

Has mitral valve stenosis

LV is hypoplastic with a large muscle

Made worse by patent ductus atrial and atrial septal defect

V - KCU - CP (T1) - OMS1 (23 decks)

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