lower limb skeleton

Question 1

The pelvic (hip) girdle is composed ____ bones:

Answer 1

4 bones:
2 hip bones
Sacrum
Coccyx

Question 2

Hip Bone Components:

Answer 2

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

Question 3

Functions of the Pelvic Girdle:

Answer 3

Protects organs in the lower abdomen and pelvis.
Supports the spine (vertebral column).
Connects the bones of the legs to the central skeleton (axial skeleton), helping us stand and move.

Question 4

what is the sciatic nerve?

Answer 4

supplies sensory and motor innervation to the lower limb

Question 5

where does the sciatic nerve exit?

Answer 5

exits the pelvic cavity VIA the greater sciatic notch.

Question 6

what is the purpose of the gluteal lines?

Answer 6

These lines separate the attachment sites of the three large superficial gluteal muscles on the ilium.

Question 7

what dies the auricular surface of the ilia articulate with and which joint does it form?

Answer 7

The auricular surfaces of the ilia articulate with the auricular surfaces of the sacrum, which forms the sacroiliac joints.

Question 8

what forms the hip joint?

Answer 8

Auricular surface of the sacrum fits into the auricular surface of the ilium to form the hip joint

Question 9

identify the lateral features of the ilium:

Answer 9

iliac crest
posterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
greater sciatic notch
anterior superior iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine

Remember:
“Iggy Paints Great Art

Question 10

list the 3 gluteal lines on the iliium:

Answer 10

anterior gluteal line
posterior gluteal line
inferior gluteal line

Question 11

list the medial part of the illium:

Answer 11

iliac fossa
arcuate line
auricular surface

Question 12

what are the two sections of the ischium?

Answer 12

body and ramus

Question 13

what are the lateral features of the ischium starting at the body?

Answer 13

ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity

remember: Islands Light In Twilight

Question 14

list the features of the pubis:

Answer 14

pectineal line
pubic tubercle
superior ramus
body
inferior ramus

remember: “Puppies Playfully Swim in Blue”
(starts with P similar to Pubis)

Question 15

What does the pubis contain, and how do they extend?

Answer 15

The pubis contains a superior ramus that extends superiorly to meet the ilium, and an inferior ramus that extends inferiorly to meet the ischium.

Question 16

What lies between the superior and inferior pubic ramus, and what is its anterior projection called?

Answer 16

Between the two pubic rami lies the body of the pubis, which contains an anterior projection called the pubic tubercle.

Question 17

What is the prominent ridge found on the pubis, and what is it an extension of?

Answer 17

The prominent ridge is the pectineal line, which is an extension of the arcuate line of the ilium.

Question 18

What is the large depression spanning the lateral surfaces of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and what does it articulate with?

Answer 18

The large depression is called the acetabulum, and it articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.

Question 19

What feature is found on the inferior edge of the acetabulum, and what passes through it?

Answer 19

The inferior edge of the acetabulum has an acetabular notch, through which blood vessels and nerves for the hip joint pass through.

Question 20

What is the large opening in the hip bone, and what covers it?

Answer 20

The large opening in the hip bone is called the obturator foramen. It is mostly covered by an obturator membrane, which has a small opening through which blood vessels and nerves pass between the pelvic cavity and hip region.

Question 21

list the joints of the pelvic girdle:

Answer 21

sacroiliac joints: Auricular surface of the sacrum fits into the auricular surface of the ilium

pubic symphysis: pubic bones meet

Question 22

What does the term commonly denote, and anatomically, what does it refer to?

Answer 22

The term commonly denotes the portion of the trunk that lies inferior to the abdomen. Anatomically, it refers to the space that is surrounded by the bony pelvic girdle.

Question 23

How is this space continuous superiorly, and into how many parts is it separated?

Answer 23

This space is continuous superiorly with the abdominal cavity and is separated into two parts: the greater (false) pelvis and the lesser (true) pelvis.

Question 24

What marks the border between the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis, and what forms it?

Answer 24

The border between the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis is a space contained within the pelvic brim. It is formed by the continuous bony ridge formed by the sacral promontory, arcuate lines of the ilia, and pectineal lines of the pubis bones.

Question 25

What is the space contained within the pelvic brim called, and what marks its boundaries?

Answer 25

The space contained within the pelvic brim is called the pelvic inlet. It is bounded by the sacral promontory, arcuate lines of the ilia, and pectineal lines of the pubis bones.

Question 26

What is the space bounded by the coccyx and the inferior end of the pelvic girdle called?

Answer 26

The space bounded by the coccyx and the inferior end of the pelvic girdle is called the pelvic outlet.

Question 27

What is the greater pelvis?

Answer 27

The greater pelvis is the space that extends from the iliac crests to the pelvic inlet.

Question 28

What is the lesser pelvis?

Answer 28

The lesser pelvis is the space that extends from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic outlet. It is also called the true pelvis since it contains the pelvic cavity.

Question 29

Why is the greater pelvis also called the false pelvis?

Answer 29

The greater pelvis is called the false pelvis because it contains the inferior portion of the abdominal cavity rather than the pelvic cavity.

Question 30

The lower limb is comprised of:

Answer 30

Thigh (hip to knee) Leg (knee to ankle) Ankle Foot

Question 31

There are 30 bones in each lower limb:

Answer 31

Thigh = 1 bone (femur) Patella Leg = 2 bones (tibia, fibula) Ankle = 7 bones (tarsals) Foot = 19 bones (metatarsals, phalanges)

Question 32

head of the femur:

Answer 32

spherical structure which articulates w/ the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint.

Question 33

(femur) Fovea Capitus:

Answer 33

a depression (in the center of head) which is connected to the acetabulum by a ligament.

Question 34

neck of the femur:

Answer 34

lateral to the head

Question 35

body of the femur:

Answer 35

shaft of the femur

Question 36

greater trochanter:

Answer 36

prominent bump on the lateral side of the femur

Question 37

lesser trochanter:

Answer 37

on the back of the femur

Question 38

Linea aspera

Answer 38

prominent ridge that runs down back of femur

Question 39

list the features of the top proximal femur (not including head and neck):

Answer 39

greater trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest lesser trochanter gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera

Question 40

What is the bony prominence on the femur, serving as an attachment point for hip muscles?

Answer 40

the greater trochanter

Question 41

What is the ridge located on the posterior aspect of the femur, connecting the greater and lesser trochanters?

Answer 41

The intertrochanteric line.

Question 42

What is the ridge located on the posterior aspect of the femur, connecting the greater and lesser trochanters, but extending more inferiorly than the intertrochanteric line?

Answer 42

The intertrochanteric crest.

Question 43

What is the bony prominence on the femur, located on the posterior and inferior aspect, serving as an attachment point for hip muscles?

Answer 43

The lesser trochanter.

Question 44

What is the roughened area on the posterior aspect of the femur, serving as an attachment point for gluteal muscles?

Answer 44

The gluteal tuberosity.

Question 45

What is the roughened ridge located on the posterior aspect of the femur, serving as an attachment point for thigh muscles?

Answer 45

The linea aspera.

Question 46

list the distal features of the anterior femur:

Answer 46

femur: lateral epicondyle lateral condyle adductor tubercle medial epicondyle medial condyle

Question 47

What is the bony prominence on the lateral side of the distal end of the femur, serving as an attachment point for knee ligaments?

Answer 47

The lateral epicondyle.

Question 48

What is the rounded prominence on the lateral side of the distal end of the femur, articulating with the tibia bone?

Answer 48

The lateral condyle.

Question 49

What is the small bony projection located on the superior aspect of the medial condyle of the femur, serving as an attachment point for thigh muscles?

Answer 49

The adductor tubercle.

Question 50

What is the bony prominence on the medial side of the distal end of the femur, serving as an attachment point for knee ligaments?

Answer 50

The medial epicondyle.

Question 51

What is the rounded prominence on the medial side of the distal end of the femur, articulating with the tibia bone?

Answer 51

The medial condyle.

Question 52

list the distal features of the posterior femur:

Answer 52

femur: lateral condyle medial condyle intercondylar fossa

Question 53

What is the depression located between the medial and lateral condyles on the posterior surface of the distal femur?

Answer 53

The intercondylar fossa.

Question 54

What is the sesamoid bone that forms within the patellar tendon and articulates with the femur?

Answer 54

The patella (kneecap).

Question 55

list the two facets of the patella and what they articulate with:

Answer 55

Medial articular facet: Medial femoral condyle Lateral articular facet: Lateral femoral condyle

Question 56

the facets that articulate with the femoral condyles to form the ____

Answer 56

patellofemoral joint

Question 57

list the features of the tibia:

Answer 57

lateral condyle tibial tuberosity anterior border fibular notch medial condyle pes anserinus medial malleolus

Question 58

What is the rounded prominence on the lateral side of the proximal end of the tibia?

Answer 58

The lateral condyle.

Question 59

What is the bony projection on the anterior surface of the tibia where the patellar ligament attaches?

Answer 59

The tibial tuberosity.

Question 60

What is the sharp edge running vertically along the front surface of the tibia?

Answer 60

The anterior border.

Question 61

What is the depression on the lateral surface of the distal tibia that articulates with the fibula?

Answer 61

The fibular notch.

Question 62

What is the rounded prominence on the medial side of the proximal end of the tibia?

Answer 62

The medial condyle.

Question 63

What is the tendinous attachment on the proximal medial aspect of the tibia, formed by the conjoined tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles?

Answer 63

The pes anserinus.

Question 64

What is the bony prominence on the medial side of the distal end of the tibia?

Answer 64

The medial malleolus.

Question 65

features of the fibula:

Answer 65

head lateral malleolus

Question 66

What is the rounded proximal end of the fibula called?

Answer 66

The head.

Question 67

What is the bony prominence on the lateral side of the distal end of the fibula?

Answer 67

The lateral malleolus.

Question 68

what dies not articulate with the femur?

Answer 68

the fubula

Question 69

name the joints of the leg?

Answer 69

proximal tibiofibular joint interosseous membrane distal tibiofibular joint

Question 70

What is the joint between the proximal ends of the tibia and fibula called?

Answer 70

The proximal tibiofibular joint.

Question 71

What is the fibrous sheet that connects the shafts of the tibia and fibula called?

Answer 71

The interosseous membrane.

Question 72

What is the joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula called?

Answer 72

The distal tibiofibular joint.

Question 73

what region does tarsal refer to and how many tarsal bones in the region?

Answer 73

refers to ankle with 7 bones in the region

Question 74

what are the joints between bones in the tarsal region referred to as?

Answer 74

intertarsal joints

Question 75

list the features of the tarsal region:

Answer 75

calcaneus talus cuboid navicular medial (first) cuneiform intermediate (second) cuneiform lateral (third) cuneiform talus cover navicular, navicular covers cuneiforms

Question 76

What is the largest tarsal bone that forms the heel?

Answer 76

Calcaneus.

Question 77

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint?

Answer 77

Talus.

Question 78

Which tarsal bone is located on the lateral side of the foot and articulates with the calcaneus and metatarsals?

Answer 78

Cuboid

Question 79

Which tarsal bone is located between the talus and the cuneiform bones, and forms part of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

Answer 79

Navicular.

Question 80

Which tarsal bone is located on the medial side of the foot and articulates with the first metatarsal?

Answer 80

Medial (first) cuneiform.

Question 81

Which tarsal bone is located on the lateral side of the foot and articulates with the third metatarsal?

Answer 81

Lateral (third) cuneiform.

Question 82

how many metatarsals are there?

Answer 82

5

Question 83

how many phalanges are there?

Answer 83

14

Question 84

how are the metatarsals and digits (toes) numbered?

Answer 84

I-V (1-5) from medial to lateral

Question 85

in the hand, the metacarpals and digits are numbered from ___ to ____, while in the foot, the metatarsals and digits are numbered from ___ to ___.

Answer 85

lateral to medial medial to lateral

Question 86

list the features of the metatarsal and phalanges:

Answer 86

metatarsal V proximal phalanx middle phalanx distal phalanx metatarsal I proximal phalanx distal phalanx

Question 87

Metatarsal V

Answer 87

Located on the outer side of the foot, it's the bone leading to the little toe.

Question 88

Proximal Phalanx

Answer 88

Situated closer to the metatarsals, these bones form the base of the toes.

Question 89

Middle Phalanx

Answer 89

Positioned between the proximal and distal phalanges, it's the middle bone of the toes.

Question 90

Distal Phalanx

Answer 90

Found at the tip of each toe, forming the end of the digit.

Question 91

Metatarsal I

Answer 91

Located on the inner side of the foot, it's the bone leading to the big toe.

Question 92

Where is Metatarsal V located?

Answer 92

On the outer side of the foot, leading to the little toe.

Question 93

Where are Proximal Phalanges located?

Answer 93

Closer to the metatarsals, forming the base of the toes.

Question 94

Where is the Middle Phalanx located?

Answer 94

Between the proximal and distal phalanges, in the middle of the toes.

Question 95

Where are Distal Phalanges located?

Answer 95

At the tip of each toe, forming the end of the digit.

Question 96

Where is Metatarsal I located?

Answer 96

On the inner side of the foot, leading to the big toe.

Question 97

What bones does the Tarsometatarsal joint connect?

Answer 97

Tarsals to metatarsals.

Question 98

What bones does the Metatarsophalangeal joint connect?

Answer 98

Metatarsals to proximal phalanges.

Question 99

What bones does the Interphalangeal joint connect?

Answer 99

Phalanges to phalanges.

Question 100

How can the Interphalangeal joints be subdivided?

Answer 100

Into Proximal interphalangeal joints (proximal to middle) and Distal interphalangeal joints (middle to distal).

Question 101

how many interphalangeal joints does the first digit have and why?

Answer 101

only has 2 phalanges, therefor has 1 interphalangeal joint

Question 102

arches of the foor:

Answer 102

transverse arch lateral longitudinal arch medial longitudinal arch

Question 103

What is the Transverse arch?

Answer 103

A curved arch running across the width of the foot.

Question 104

What is the Lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 104

An arch running along the outer side of the foot, from the heel to the ball.

Question 105

What is the Medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 105

n arch running along the inner side of the foot, from the heel to the ball.

Question 106

What are the functions of the foot arches?

Answer 106

Provide stability to the foot Allow the foot to better support the weight of the body and adapt to changes in ground contour Absorb impact forces and allow more efficient force generation during gait