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Anatomy > Bone Tissue & Terminology > Flashcards

Bone Tissue & Terminology Flashcards

Describe the structure and histology of bone. Relate the functions of the skeletal system to its structure. Define the 5 types of bones and some of the common terms used to describe bone surface markings. Describe the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton.

1
Q

What are the types of tissue composing a bone?

A

Osseous (bone) tissue
Cartilage
Dense connective tissue
Epithelium
Adipose tissue
Nervous tissue

Remember: Olivia Can Dance Elegantly, And Never Overlooked.

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2
Q

What is the collective term for bone tissue?

A

Osseous tissue

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3
Q

Why is each bone considered an organ?

A

Because it consists of multiple types of tissue working together to perform specific functions.

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4
Q

what are long bones?

A

The bones in your arms, forearms, thighs and legs

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5
Q

what is a diaphysis?

A

The long cylindrical portion in the middle of a long bone

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6
Q

what is the hollow core of the diaphysis called?

A

a medullary or marrow cavity which is filled with yellow bone marrow.

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7
Q

what is an epiphysis?

A

At each end of a long bone

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8
Q

What is found at each end of a long bone, and what fills the internal portion?

A

At each end of a long bone is an epiphysis, and the internal portion of each epiphysis is filled with red bone marrow.

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9
Q

What covers a portion of the external portion of each epiphysis, and what does the term “articular” refer to?

A

the external portion of each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage.

The term “articular” refers to a joint, so articular cartilage is cartilage that covers the surfaces of a bone where it meets other bones to form joints.

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10
Q

What is located between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of a long bone?

A

A metaphysis.

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11
Q

What does each metaphysis contain, and what is its composition?

A

Each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal growth plate, composed of hyaline cartilage that differentiates into bone tissue.

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12
Q

what changes during development occur at the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

changes in bone length.

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13
Q

what are the 4 types of bone tissue?

A

Osteogenic cells – act as stem cells
Osteoblasts – produce the extracellular matrix
Osteoclasts – break down the extracellular matrix
Osteocytes – mature bone cells that maintain its metabolism

Remember:
- Blasts = build
- Clasts = cut

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14
Q

what are the bone tissue cells surrounded by?

A

an extracellular matrix

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15
Q

what is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Water (15%)

Collagen fibers (30%)

Crystallized mineral salts (55%)(e.g., calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite)

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16
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone and spongy (or cancellous) bone.

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17
Q

Describe compact bone.

A

contains dense, tightly packed bundles of extracellular matrix called osteons. It is very strong and able to resist large forces but is also heavy and requires more energy to move. It provides structural stability to bones and forms a large portion of the diaphysis of long bones.

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18
Q

Describe spongy (or cancellous) bone.

A

contains a trabecular meshwork of bone tissue filled with spaces called marrow.

It is not as strong as compact bone but is much lighter and requires less energy to move.

It forms the interior of most bones in the body, as well as the epiphyses and a portion of the diaphysis of long bones.

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19
Q

What increases the risk of fragility fractures in areas high in spongy bone?

A

Reduced bone mineral density, a condition called osteoporosis.

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20
Q

what is red bone marrow composed of?

A

Composed of developing blood cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts within a network of reticular fibers

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21
Q

What type of bone marrow is found in the epiphyses and medullary cavity of long bones?

A

Red bone marrow in the epiphyses and yellow bone marrow in the medullary cavity.

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22
Q

What type of bone marrow do we have at birth?

A

Red bone marrow.

23
Q

What happens to some red bone marrow as we age?

A

Some red bone marrow is converted into yellow bone marrow.

24
Q

Why is red bone marrow important in adults?

A

It’s where most of our blood cells, including leukocytes (white blood cells), are produced.

25
Q

What are leukocytes, and what is their role?

A

Leukocytes are white blood cells involved in our body’s immune response.

26
Q

What are leukemias, and why are they treated with bone marrow transplants?

A

Leukemias are cancers involving the production of cancerous white blood cells. Since these cells are produced in the red bone marrow, treatment often involves a bone marrow transplant.

27
Q

What is yellow bone marrow mainly composed of?

A

Adipose or fat tissue.

28
Q

What is the appearance of yellow bone marrow?

A

It looks like yellow creamed corn.

29
Q

what is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Support and protection
Assists movement
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals and lipids

30
Q

How are bones commonly classified based on their general shape?

A

Bones are commonly classified as long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

31
Q

Where are long bones found?

A

Long bones are found in the arms, forearms, thighs, and legs.

32
Q

Give an example of short bones.

A

Bones found in the wrist and ankle regions.

33
Q

Provide examples of flat bones.

A

The sternum (breastbone) and cranial cavity in the skull.

34
Q

What are irregular bones, and give an example?

A

Bones that do not fit in any other category, such as vertebrae.

35
Q

What are sesamoid bones, and what is their function?

A

Sesamoid bones develop within tendons that attach skeletal muscles to bone. They distribute forces around joints to improve muscle mechanical advantage and reduce wear and tear of joint structures.

36
Q

What is the best example of a sesamoid bone?

A

The patella (kneecap).

37
Q

fissure

A

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

38
Q

foramen/foramina

A

opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.

39
Q

fossa

A

shallow depressoin

40
Q

sulcus

A

A groove. furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon.

41
Q

meatus/ meati

A

tubelike opening

42
Q

condyle

A

large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone

43
Q

facet

A

smooth, flat, slightly concave convex articular surface

44
Q

head

A

usually rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone

45
Q

crest

A

prominent ridge or elongated projection

46
Q

epicondyle

A

typically, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)

47
Q

spinous process

A

sharp, slender projection

48
Q

tubercle

A

variably sized rounded projection

49
Q

trochanter

A

very large projection

50
Q

tuberosity

A

variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface

51
Q

The axial skeleton includes the bones:

A

found in the head, neck and trunk.

52
Q

Appendicular skeleton included the bones:

A

found in the limbs and the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

53
Q

how many bones in the axial skeleton lie around the longitudinal axis of the body?

A

80 bones found in the head, neck and trunk.

54
Q

how many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones of the upper/lower limbs and the “girdles” that connect them to the axial skeleton

Anatomy (34 decks)

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