joints & ligaments 1

Question 1

Tibiofibular joint

Answer 1

Tibia
Fibula

Question 2

Glenohumeral joint

Answer 2

Glenoid cavity (scapula)
Humerus

Question 3

Temporomandibular joint

Answer 3

Temporal bone
Mandible

Question 4

Sacroiliac joint

Answer 4

Sacrum
Ilium (hip bone)

Question 5

Metacarpophalangeal joint

Answer 5

Metacarpal
Proximal phalanx

Question 6

how are joints classified?

Answer 6

Structurally – based on anatomical characteristics
Functionally – based on the type of movement(s) permitted

Question 7

Structural classifications:

Answer 7

Fibrous – no synovial cavity, bones held together by connective tissue
Cartilagenous – no synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage
Synovial – synovial cavity, bones held together by an articular capsule

Question 8

Functional classifications:

Answer 8

Synarthrosis – immovable
Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable
Diarthrosis – “freely movable”

Question 9

What characterizes fibrous joints?

Answer 9

Fibrous joints are characterized by connective tissue physically fusing joints together.

Question 10

How are cartilaginous joints defined?

Answer 10

Cartilaginous joints are defined by a piece of cartilage holding the joint together.

Question 11

What distinguishes synovial joints?

Answer 11

Synovial joints permit various types of movements dictated by the joint surfaces.

Question 12

What defines synarthrosis joints?

Answer 12

Synarthrosis joints allow no movement and are held together in a way that there is no room for movement (certain fibrous and cartilaginous joints).

Question 13

What characterizes amphiarthrosis joints?

Answer 13

Amphiarthrosis joints allow some movement, such as in teeth joints and some cartilaginous joints.

Question 14

What are diarthrosis joints?

Answer 14

Diarthrosis joints are always synovial joints, permitting a wide range of movements.

Question 15

a fibrous joint can be a ____ or a ___

Answer 15

synarthroses or amphiarthroses

Question 16

a cartilaginous joint can be a ___ or a ___

Answer 16

synarthroses or amphiarthroses

Question 17

a synovial joint can be a ___

Answer 17

diarthroses

Question 18

What type of fibrous joint connects most of the bones in the skull and becomes immovable in adulthood?

Answer 18

Sutures. Initially slightly movable in childhood (amphiarthrosis), sutures eventually become immovable (synarthrosis) in adolescence.

Question 19

What type of fibrous joint is slightly movable and found between the teeth, mandible, maxilla, and the distal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 19

Syndesmosis.

Question 20

what is a syndesmosis fibrous joint?

Answer 20

A syndesmosis fibrous joint is a type of fibrous joint where bones are connected by a ligament, allowing for slight movement. Examples include the joints between the teeth, mandible, maxilla, and the distal tibiofibular joint.

Question 21

features of the interosseous membrane

Answer 21

• fibrous joint
• Bones are connected by a sheet of connective tissue
• Present between the radius/ulna and tibia/fibula
• Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)

Question 22

what are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

Answer 22

suture
syndesmosis
interosseous membrane

Question 23

What are synchondrosis joints, and what type of movement do they permit?

Answer 23

• cartilaginous joint
• Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (later ossifies into bone)
• immovable synarthrosis joints.

Examples include the sternocostal joint and epiphyseal growth plates.

Question 24

what is a symphysis joint?

Answer 24

• bones connected by fibrocartilage
• occur in the midline of the body
• amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

Question 25

examples of symphysis joint:

Answer 25

Pubic symphysis Intervertebral discs

Question 26

what type of function do synovial joints have?

Answer 26

All are freely movable (diarthroses)

Question 27

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 27

A synovial joint contains a synovial cavity, surrounded by an articular capsule.

Question 28

What does the inner lining of the articular capsule of a synovial joint secrete?

Answer 28

The inner lining secretes synovial fluid into the synovial cavity.

Question 29

What is the function of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?

Answer 29

Synovial fluid reduces friction between bony surfaces and removes waste from the joint.

Question 30

What covers the portions of bones that contact each other in a synovial joint?

Answer 30

Articular cartilage covers the bone surfaces, reducing friction.

Question 31

What condition can develop due to breakdown of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

Answer 31

Osteoarthritis can develop due to breakdown of articular cartilage, particularly with age.

Question 32

what is a ligamet?

Answer 32

A ligament is a thick band of dense connective tissue that is especially resistant to forces acting in a particular direction.

Question 33

where are ligaments often present?

Answer 33

synovial joints

Question 34

what are the two type of ligaments?

Answer 34

Can be extracapsular (outside the articular capsule) or intracapsular (inside the articular capsule)

Question 35

what is the meniscus?

Answer 35

Pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces that absorbs shock & increases the stability of the joint

Question 36

where is the meniscus present?

Answer 36

Present in select synovial joints (e.g., knee joint)

Question 37

labrum:

Answer 37

Ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the “socket” of ball-and-socket joints that increases the stability of the joint

Question 38

where is the labrum present?

Answer 38

hip and shoulder joint (glenoid labrum and acetabular labrum)

Question 39

what is a bursa?

Answer 39

Fluid-filled sac-like structure located between tissues (e.g., bones/ligaments, bones/tendons) to reduce friction

Question 40

where are bursa present?

Answer 40

throughout the body

Question 41

what is bursitis?

Answer 41

inflamed bursa

Question 42

what are the 4 broad categories of movements at the synovial joints?

Answer 42

Gliding Angular Rotation Special movements

Question 43

what does the type of movement permitted at a joint depend on?

Answer 43

shapes of the articulating surfaces of the bones

Question 44

what are gliding movements?

Answer 44

side to side movements Synovial joints whose articular surfaces are flat, permit gliding back and forth movements between the bones.

Question 45

example of gliding movements:

Answer 45

movements that occur between the intercarpal and intertarsal joints

Question 46

angular movement:

Answer 46

An increase or decrease in the angle between bones

Question 47

types of angular movements:

Answer 47

Flexion & Extension Abduction & Adduction Circumduction

Question 48

Flexion & Extension

Answer 48

angular movement that occurs in a sagittal plane. Flexion = a decrease in the angle between bones Extension = an increase in the angle between bones

Question 49

In the axial portion of the body, flexion and extension occur at ___, ___, and ___

Answer 49

head, neck and trunk

Question 50

Where do flexion and extension occur in the upper limb?

Answer 50

Flexion and extension occur at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints in the upper limb.

Question 51

Where do flexion and extension occur in the lower limb?

Answer 51

Flexion and extension occur at the hip, knee, ankle, and toe joints in the lower limb.

Question 52

where does dorsi and plantarflexion occur?

Answer 52

talocrural joint (ankle/foot)

Question 53

Abduction & Adduction

Answer 53

Abduction = a movement of a bone away from the midline Adduction = a movement of a bone towards the midline

Question 54

Where do adduction and abduction occur in the limbs?

Answer 54

Adduction and abduction occur at the shoulder, hip, wrist, finger, and toe joints.

Question 55

where does circumduction occur?

Answer 55

primarily in the shoulder joint and hip joint Some degree of circumduction also occurs in the: Wrist joint 1st Carpometacarpal joint Metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 56

where do rotational movements occur?

Answer 56

Occurs primarily in the vertebral column, shoulder joint and hip joint. some degree at the knee joint when knee is flexed

Question 57

what is a rotational movement?

Answer 57

Movement of a bone or segment such that it revolves around its longitudinal axis

Question 58

What is medial or internal rotation, and lateral or external rotation at the shoulder and hip joint?

Answer 58

Medial or internal rotation describes movements in which the arm or thigh rotates medially, while lateral or external rotation describes movements in which the arm or thigh rotates laterally.

Question 59

Elevation & Depression

Answer 59

Elevation = superior movement of a bone (uniplanar) Depression = inferior movement of a bone (uniplanar)

Question 60

where does elevation and depression occur?

Answer 60

Occurs in the temporomandibular joint, shoulder (scapula), hyoid bone and ribs

Question 61

Protraction & Retraction

Answer 61

Protraction = anterior movement of a bone (uniplanar) Retraction = posterior movement of a bone (uniplanar)

Question 62

where does protractions and retraction occur?

Answer 62

Occurs in the temporomandibular joint and shoulder (scapula)

Question 63

Upward Rotation & Downward Rotation

Answer 63

Upward rotation = movement of the scapula such that the glenoid cavity turns upward Downward rotation = movement of the scapula such that the glenoid cavity turns downward

Question 64

Supination & Pronation

Answer 64

Supination = movement of the forearm such that the palm of the hand turns anteriorly Pronation = movement of the forearm such that the palm of the hand turns posteriorly

Question 65

where does supination and pronation occur and where do they not occur?

Answer 65

Supination and pronation occur at the radioulnar joints They do NOT occur at the elbow joint

Question 66

Inversion & Eversion

Answer 66

Inversion = movement of the foot such that the sole turns medially Eversion = movement of the foot such that the sole turns laterally

Question 67

where does inversion and eversion occur and where do they not occur?

Answer 67

Inversion and eversion occur at the talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint They do NOT occur at the ankle joint