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Anatomy > joints & ligaments 1 > Flashcards

joints & ligaments 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tibiofibular joint

A

Tibia
Fibula

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2
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Glenoid cavity (scapula)
Humerus

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3
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Temporal bone
Mandible

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4
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

Sacrum
Ilium (hip bone)

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5
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joint

A

Metacarpal
Proximal phalanx

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6
Q

how are joints classified?

A

Structurally – based on anatomical characteristics
Functionally – based on the type of movement(s) permitted

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7
Q

Structural classifications:

A

Fibrous – no synovial cavity, bones held together by connective tissue
Cartilagenous – no synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage
Synovial – synovial cavity, bones held together by an articular capsule

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8
Q

Functional classifications:

A

Synarthrosis – immovable
Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable
Diarthrosis – “freely movable”

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9
Q

What characterizes fibrous joints?

A

Fibrous joints are characterized by connective tissue physically fusing joints together.

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10
Q

How are cartilaginous joints defined?

A

Cartilaginous joints are defined by a piece of cartilage holding the joint together.

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11
Q

What distinguishes synovial joints?

A

Synovial joints permit various types of movements dictated by the joint surfaces.

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12
Q

What defines synarthrosis joints?

A

Synarthrosis joints allow no movement and are held together in a way that there is no room for movement (certain fibrous and cartilaginous joints).

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13
Q

What characterizes amphiarthrosis joints?

A

Amphiarthrosis joints allow some movement, such as in teeth joints and some cartilaginous joints.

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14
Q

What are diarthrosis joints?

A

Diarthrosis joints are always synovial joints, permitting a wide range of movements.

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15
Q

a fibrous joint can be a ____ or a ___

A

synarthroses or amphiarthroses

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16
Q

a cartilaginous joint can be a ___ or a ___

A

synarthroses or amphiarthroses

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17
Q

a synovial joint can be a ___

A

diarthroses

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18
Q

What type of fibrous joint connects most of the bones in the skull and becomes immovable in adulthood?

A

Sutures. Initially slightly movable in childhood (amphiarthrosis), sutures eventually become immovable (synarthrosis) in adolescence.

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19
Q

What type of fibrous joint is slightly movable and found between the teeth, mandible, maxilla, and the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

Syndesmosis.

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20
Q

what is a syndesmosis fibrous joint?

A

A syndesmosis fibrous joint is a type of fibrous joint where bones are connected by a ligament, allowing for slight movement. Examples include the joints between the teeth, mandible, maxilla, and the distal tibiofibular joint.

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21
Q

features of the interosseous membrane

A
  • fibrous joint
  • Bones are connected by a sheet of connective tissue
  • Present between the radius/ulna and tibia/fibula
  • Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
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22
Q

what are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

suture
syndesmosis
interosseous membrane

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23
Q

What are synchondrosis joints, and what type of movement do they permit?

A
  • cartilaginous joint
  • Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (later ossifies into bone)
  • immovable synarthrosis joints.

Examples include the sternocostal joint and epiphyseal growth plates.

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24
Q

what is a symphysis joint?

A
  • bones connected by fibrocartilage
  • occur in the midline of the body
  • amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
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25
Q

examples of symphysis joint:

A

Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral discs

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26
Q

what type of function do synovial joints have?

A

All are freely movable (diarthroses)

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27
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

A synovial joint contains a synovial cavity, surrounded by an articular capsule.

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28
Q

What does the inner lining of the articular capsule of a synovial joint secrete?

A

The inner lining secretes synovial fluid into the synovial cavity.

29
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?

A

Synovial fluid reduces friction between bony surfaces and removes waste from the joint.

30
Q

What covers the portions of bones that contact each other in a synovial joint?

A

Articular cartilage covers the bone surfaces, reducing friction.

31
Q

What condition can develop due to breakdown of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

A

Osteoarthritis can develop due to breakdown of articular cartilage, particularly with age.

32
Q

what is a ligamet?

A

A ligament is a thick band of dense connective tissue that is especially resistant to forces acting in a particular direction.

33
Q

where are ligaments often present?

A

synovial joints

34
Q

what are the two type of ligaments?

A

Can be extracapsular (outside the articular capsule) or intracapsular (inside the articular capsule)

35
Q

what is the meniscus?

A

Pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces that absorbs shock & increases the stability of the joint

36
Q

where is the meniscus present?

A

Present in select synovial joints (e.g., knee joint)

37
Q

labrum:

A

Ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the “socket” of ball-and-socket joints that increases the stability of the joint

38
Q

where is the labrum present?

A

hip and shoulder joint

(glenoid labrum and acetabular labrum)

39
Q

what is a bursa?

A

Fluid-filled sac-like structure located between tissues (e.g., bones/ligaments, bones/tendons) to reduce friction

40
Q

where are bursa present?

A

throughout the body

41
Q

what is bursitis?

A

inflamed bursa

42
Q

what are the 4 broad categories of movements at the synovial joints?

A

Gliding
Angular
Rotation
Special movements

43
Q

what does the type of movement permitted at a joint depend on?

A

shapes of the articulating surfaces of the bones

44
Q

what are gliding movements?

A

side to side movements

Synovial joints whose articular surfaces are flat, permit gliding back and forth movements between the bones.

45
Q

example of gliding movements:

A

movements that occur between the intercarpal and intertarsal joints

46
Q

angular movement:

A

An increase or decrease in the angle between bones

47
Q

types of angular movements:

A

Flexion & Extension
Abduction & Adduction
Circumduction

48
Q

Flexion & Extension

A

angular movement that occurs in a sagittal plane.

Flexion = a decrease in the angle between bones

Extension = an increase in the angle between bones

49
Q

In the axial portion of the body, flexion and extension occur at ___, ___, and ___

A

head, neck and trunk

50
Q

Where do flexion and extension occur in the upper limb?

A

Flexion and extension occur at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints in the upper limb.

51
Q

Where do flexion and extension occur in the lower limb?

A

Flexion and extension occur at the hip, knee, ankle, and toe joints in the lower limb.

52
Q

where does dorsi and plantarflexion occur?

A

talocrural joint (ankle/foot)

53
Q

Abduction & Adduction

A

Abduction = a movement of a bone away from the midline

Adduction = a movement of a bone towards the midline

54
Q

Where do adduction and abduction occur in the limbs?

A

Adduction and abduction occur at the shoulder, hip, wrist, finger, and toe joints.

55
Q

where does circumduction occur?

A

primarily in the shoulder joint and hip joint

Some degree of circumduction also occurs in the:
Wrist joint
1st Carpometacarpal joint
Metacarpophalangeal joints

56
Q

where do rotational movements occur?

A

Occurs primarily in the vertebral column, shoulder joint and hip joint.

some degree at the knee joint when knee is flexed

57
Q

what is a rotational movement?

A

Movement of a bone or segment such that it revolves around its longitudinal axis

58
Q

What is medial or internal rotation, and lateral or external rotation at the shoulder and hip joint?

A

Medial or internal rotation describes movements in which the arm or thigh rotates medially, while lateral or external rotation describes movements in which the arm or thigh rotates laterally.

59
Q

Elevation & Depression

A

Elevation = superior movement of a bone (uniplanar)

Depression = inferior movement of a bone (uniplanar)

60
Q

where does elevation and depression occur?

A

Occurs in the temporomandibular joint, shoulder (scapula), hyoid bone and ribs

61
Q

Protraction & Retraction

A

Protraction = anterior movement of a bone (uniplanar)

Retraction = posterior movement of a bone (uniplanar)

62
Q

where does protractions and retraction occur?

A

Occurs in the temporomandibular joint and shoulder (scapula)

63
Q

Upward Rotation & Downward Rotation

A

Upward rotation = movement of the scapula such that the glenoid cavity turns upward

Downward rotation = movement of the scapula such that the glenoid cavity turns downward

64
Q

Supination & Pronation

A

Supination = movement of the forearm such that the palm of the hand turns anteriorly

Pronation = movement of the forearm such that the palm of the hand turns posteriorly

65
Q

where does supination and pronation occur and where do they not occur?

A

Supination and pronation occur at the radioulnar joints

They do NOT occur at the elbow joint

66
Q

Inversion & Eversion

A

Inversion = movement of the foot such that the sole turns medially

Eversion = movement of the foot such that the sole turns laterally

67
Q

where does inversion and eversion occur and where do they not occur?

A

Inversion and eversion occur at the talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint

They do NOT occur at the ankle joint

68
Q
A

Anatomy (34 decks)

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