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Anatomy > Anatomical terminology > Flashcards

Anatomical terminology Flashcards

Describe the 6 levels of structural organization that make up the body. Describe the 11 systems of the body as well as their representative organs and general functions. Describe the anatomical position and define the anatomical terms used for the various regions of the body. Define the directional terms and anatomical planes/sections used to describe the body.

1
Q

what are the 11 systems in the body?

A

Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Integumentary

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of body structures (and their relationships)

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3
Q

Physiology

A

The science of body functions

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4
Q

Anatomy of skeletal system includes:

A

the bones that make up the human skeleton and their associated features and landmarks – as well as the histology or tissue anatomy of different types of bone.

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5
Q

the physiology of the skeletal system includes:

A

a description of the cellular mechanisms and processes by which bone is formed and remodeled during a person’s lifetime.

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6
Q

Anatomy Vs. Physiology:

A

Structure Vs. Function

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7
Q

The anatomy of the muscular system includes:

A

a description of the skeletal muscles that are in the human body, including bony attachments, actions, as well as the histology of different types of muscle tissue.

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8
Q

the physiology of the muscular system includes:

A

a description of the cellular mechanisms and processes by which muscles are able to contract and generate the force necessary to maintain static postures

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the levels of structural organization?

A

These levels are a way to organize the body from its basic elements to structures of increasing complexity

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10
Q

Chemical level:

A

Atoms (e.g., C, H, O)
Molecules (e.g., DNA, glucose)

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11
Q

Cellular level:

A

Includes a description of how various molecules are combined to form the cells that make up the human body.

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12
Q

Tissue level:

A

how groups of cells share a particular function and organize themselves into tissues.

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13
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues in the body?

Hint: derived from the tissue level.

A

Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Connective

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

A

forms the inner and outer linings of the various body organs.

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15
Q

Muscular tissue:

A

the specialized tissue that can contract.

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16
Q

Nervous tissue:

A

specialized tissue that can generate and transmit electrical signals.

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17
Q

Connective tissue

A

includes any tissue that is not epithelial, muscular or nervous. Is generally made up of cells that are surrounded by a ground substance matrix.

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18
Q

organ level:

A

An organ is a structure composed of two or more types of tissue that collectively carry out a specific function.

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19
Q

what level of organization is the following?:

the stomach is an organ within the digestive system that is made up of epithelial tissue layers on its inner and outer surfaces with connective and muscular tissues between these epithelial layers. these tissues work together to allow the stomach to perform its primary function, namely the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

A

organ level

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20
Q

system level:

A

a collection of organs that work together to carry out a common function.

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21
Q

what level of organization is the following?:

the various organs that make up the digestive system collectively work together to allow for the ingestion, digestion and absorption of nutrients, and the elimination of waste products.

A

system level

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22
Q

organismal level:

A

the entire organism and is composed of all the systems that make up the organism.

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23
Q

what are the components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones
Joints
Associated cartilages

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24
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support and protection
Assists movement
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals & lipids

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25
Q

what are the components of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscle (muscle usually attached to the bone or other muscles tissue such as smooth and cardiac).

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26
Q

components of the nervous system:

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Special sense organs

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27
Q

functions of the nervous system:

A

Regulates body activities

Detects, interprets and responds to changes in the body’s internal and external environments

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28
Q

components of the endocrine system:

A

Hormone-producing glands
Hormone-producing cells

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29
Q

functions of the endocrine system:

A

Regulates body activities

Detects and responds to changes in the body’s internal and external environments

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30
Q

components of the cardiovascular system:

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

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31
Q

functions of the cardiovascular system:

A

Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells

Carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells

Regulates acid-base balance

Regulates body temperature

Helps defend against disease

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32
Q

components of the lymphatic system:

A

Lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic fluid

Spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes

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33
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A

Returns proteins and fluids to the blood

Carries lipids from the GI tract to the blood

Helps defend against disease

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34
Q

components of the respiratory system:

A

Pharynx, larynx, trachea
Bronchial tubes
Lungs

35
Q

functions of the respiratory system:

A

Transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

Regulates acid-base balance

Voice production

36
Q

components of the digestive system:

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Liver, gall bladder, pancreas

37
Q

functions of the digestive system:

A

Breaks down food
Absorbs nutrients
Eliminates wastes

38
Q

components of the urinary system:

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

39
Q

functions of the urinary system:

A

Produces and eliminates urine

Eliminates wastes

Regulates blood composition

Regulates acid-base balance

Maintains mineral balance

Regulates production of red blood cells

40
Q

components of the reproductive system:

A

Gonads (testes, ovaries)
Associated organs

41
Q

functions of the reproductive system:

A

Produces and stores gametes (sperm, oocytes)

Produces hormones

42
Q

components of the integumentary system:

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Oil glands

43
Q

functions of the integumentary system:

A

Protection
Regulates body temperature
Eliminates wastes
Helps make vitamin D
Cutaneous sensation

44
Q

What term is used to describe the head region?

A

Cephalic

45
Q

What term is used to describe the neck region?

A

Cervical

46
Q

What is the trunk region of the body?

A

The region that includes the chest or upper back, abdominal, and pelvic regions.

47
Q

What term is used to describe the chest or upper back region within the trunk?

A

Thoracic

48
Q

What term is used to describe the lower back region?

A

Lumbar

49
Q

What term is used to describe the buttock region?

A

Gluteal

50
Q

What term is used to describe the arm region, specifically the portion from the shoulder to the elbow?

A

Brachial

51
Q

What term describes the forearm, or the portion of the upper limb extending from the elbow to the wrist?

A

Antebrachial

52
Q

What term is used to describe the wrist region?

A

Carpal

53
Q

What are the two surfaces of the hand called?

A

Palmer (or Palmar) and Dorsal

54
Q

In the anatomical position, which surfaces of the hand face forward?

A

The Palmer (or Palmar) surfaces

55
Q

What term is used to describe the thigh region, or the portion of the lower limb that extends from the hip to the knee?

A

femoral

56
Q

What term describes the leg, specifically the portion of the lower limb that extends from the knee to the ankle?

A

crural

57
Q

What term is used to describe the ankle region?

A

Tarsal

58
Q

What are the two surfaces of the foot called?

A

Plantar and Dorsal

59
Q

In the anatomical position, which surfaces of the foot make contact with the ground?

A

The Plantar surfaces

60
Q

What does the cranial cavity contain and where is it located?

A

The cranial cavity is formed within the skull and contains the brain.

61
Q

What does the vertebral canal contain and where is it located?

A

The vertebral canal is formed within the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord.

62
Q

What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal pelvic cavity, and what are its locations above and below?

A

The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the large cavity within the trunk into the thoracic cavity above and the abdominal pelvic cavity below.

63
Q

How is the abdominal pelvic cavity subdivided, and what is the border between these subdivisions?

A

The abdominal pelvic cavity is subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity, with the border between the two being the pelvic inlet.

64
Q

lateral:

A

Further from the midline

65
Q

medial

A

Nearer to the midline

66
Q

superior (cranial)

A

toward the head

67
Q

0Inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head

68
Q

proximal

A

nearer to the attachment of the limb

69
Q

distal

A

further from the attachment of the limb

70
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward the back of the body

71
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward the front of the body

72
Q

superficial

A

toward the surface of the body

73
Q

deep

A

away from the surface of the body

74
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body

75
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body

76
Q

Fill in the blank:
An imaginary flat surface that passes through the body is called a ____

A

plane

77
Q

Fill in the blank: An imaginary flat surface that passes through the body is called a ____

A

section

78
Q

sagittal plane:

A

An imaginary flat surface that passes through the body is called a

79
Q

“Midsagittal plane”

A

The plane passes through the midline
(equal left and right sides)

80
Q

“Parasagittal plane”

A

The plane does not pass through the midline (unequal left and right sides)

81
Q

Frontal/Coronal Plane

A

Vertical
Divides the body (or part) into anterior and posterior portions

82
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Horizontal
Divides the body (or part) into superior and inferior portions

83
Q

Oblique Plane

A

Passes through the body (or part) at an angle between two of the other planes

84
Q
A

Anatomy (34 decks)

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