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Anatomy > Axial Skeleton 2 > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the vertebral column composed of?

A

Composed of a series of bones called vertebrae

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2
Q

what lies in-between each pair of (non-fused) vertebrae?

A

intervertebral (IV) disc

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3
Q

what holds the vertebral column together?

A

host of ligaments

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4
Q

functions of the vertebral column:

A

Protect the spinal cord (vertebral canal)

Attachment point for muscles, the ribs, and the pelvic girdle

Support the head

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5
Q

the cervical region:

A

7 vertebrae – C1-C7

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6
Q

thoracic region:

A

12 vertebrae – T1-T12

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7
Q

lumbar region:

A

5 vertebrae – L1-L5

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8
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae – S1-S5

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9
Q

coccyx

A

2-4 fused vertebrae – Co1-Co4

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10
Q

What are the distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae?

A

Cervical vertebrae always have transverse processes and may have a bifid spinous process, which means the spinous process has split into two.

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11
Q

What are the distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs and have facets for articulation. They also have a downward-pointing spinous process and superior and inferior demi facets on their bodies, as well as facets on the transverse processes for articulating with the ribs.

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12
Q

What are the distinguishing features of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Lumbar vertebrae have wider bodies and square spinous processes, which are blockier in shape to support more weight.

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13
Q

convex anteriorly:

A

cervical and lumbar curve

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14
Q

convex posteriorly:

A

thoracic and sacral curve

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15
Q

purpose of normal vertebral curves:

A

Increase the strength of the vertebral column
Shock absorption
Help maintain balance in the upright posture

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16
Q

vertebral foramen:

A

Collectively, these form the vertebral canal, which contains the spinal cord

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17
Q

what makes up the anterior half of the vertebra?

A

the body

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18
Q

what does the vertebral arch form?

A

the posterior half of the vertebra and includes several processes extending from it.

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19
Q

The vertebral foramen:

A

encircled by the body and vertebral arch and contains the spinal cord.

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20
Q

vertebral canal:

A

The stacked vertebral foramina form the vertebral canal, which protects and contains the spinal cord.

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21
Q

extending posteriorly from the body:

A

the pedicles.

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22
Q

Where do the laminae meet, and what do they form?

A

The laminae meet in the midline at the back of the vertebral foramen, forming the posterior portion of the vertebral arch.

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23
Q

What structure extends posteriorly from the back of the vertebral arch?

A

A spinous process extends posteriorly from the back of the vertebral arch.

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24
Q

What structures extend laterally from the vertebral arch?

A

Two transverse processes extend laterally from the vertebral arch.

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25
Q

What structures extend superiorly and inferiorly from the vertebral arch, and what joints do they form?

A

Superiorly from the vertebral arch are two superior articular processes, and inferiorly are two inferior articular processes. The superior articular processes of one vertebra articulate with the inferior articular processes of the vertebra above, forming the zygapophyseal or facet joints.

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26
Q

What is the role of the intervertebral disc, and how many joints are there between each pair of vertebrae?

A

The intervertebral disc connects the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and acts as a joint. There are three joints between each pair of vertebrae: two zygapophyseal joints and one intervertebral disc joint.

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27
Q

What structures emerge from the intervertebral foramina, and how many are there between each adjacent pair of vertebrae?

A

Each pair of spinal nerves, arising from the spinal cord, emerge from the intervertebral foramina. There are two intervertebral foramina between each adjacent pair of vertebrae: one on the left and one on the right.

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28
Q

what are intervertebral discs composed of?

A

Annulus fibrosus – outer ring of fibrocartilage
Nucleus pulposus – inner elastic core

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29
Q

function of the intervertebral Discs

A

Function to absorb vertical forces on the vertebral column

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30
Q

what happens to an IV disc when compresses?

A

flattens - they lose water and shrink in height.

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31
Q

What can happen if there is acute or chronic trauma/strain on the intervertebral discs?

A

Damage to the annulus fibrosus may occur, leading to herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus into the vertebral foramen.

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32
Q

Where does the nucleus pulposus most commonly herniate?

A

The nucleus pulposus most commonly herniates posterolaterally.

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33
Q

cervical vertebra: size

A

small

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34
Q

cervical foramina:

A

one vertebral
two transverse

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35
Q

cervical transverse process:

A

small

36
Q

cervical articular facets for the ribs:

A

absent

37
Q

cervical direction of articular fecets:

A

superior: posterosuperior
inferior: anteroinferior

38
Q

cervical size of intervertebral discs:

A

thick relative to size of vertebral bodies

39
Q

cervical vertebrae specific features:

A

Small vertebral body
Large vertebral foramen
Small transverse processes
Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramen (2)

40
Q

what innervates the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral artery
Vertebral vein

41
Q

Transverse foramina:

A

two small openings located within the transverse processes. These foramina serve as passageway for vertebral artery (blood up to the brain) and vertebral vein (drains blood from the neck).

42
Q

Bifid spinous process:

A

tip of spinous process is split into two.

43
Q

What is a characteristic feature of all cervical vertebrae?

A

Transverse foramina are characteristic features of all cervical vertebrae.

44
Q

Are bifid spinous processes present in all cervical vertebrae?

A

No, sometimes cervical vertebrae do not have bifid spinous processes.

45
Q

specific features of the Atlas (C1)

A

NO BODY
NO SPINOUS PROCESS
Anterior & posterior arches
Lateral masses (2)

46
Q

Specific features of the Axis (C2)

A

Specific Features:
Large spinous process
Odontoid process (dens)

47
Q

Odontoid process:

A

Tooth like structure extends superiorly from the body if C2.

48
Q

Which part of the C1 vertebra does not fuse with the rest of the C1 vertebra, and what does it fuse with instead?

A

The body of C1 does not fuse with the rest of the C1 vertebra; instead, it fuses with the body of C2.

49
Q

What is the role of the C1 vertebra in rotation of the head and neck?

A

The C1 vertebra serves as an axis of rotation for the head and neck. Approximately the first 30 degrees of rotation occurs between C1 and C2.

50
Q

What ligament maintains the contact between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae, and what is its role?

A

The transverse ligament maintains the contact between the anterior surface of the dens (odontoid process) of C2 and the posterior surface of the anterior arch of C1. Its role is to hold the odontoid process against the anterior arch of the atlas, ensuring stability between C1 and C2 vertebrae.

51
Q

specific features of the thoracic vertebrae:

A

Longer transverse processes
Long, inferiorly-directed spinous process
Facet on transverse process (for rib tubercle)
Superior demifacet on the body (for rib head)
Inferior demi facet on the body (for rib head

52
Q

how many cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5

Remember: breakfast at 7, lunch at 12, dinner at 5.

53
Q

specific features of the lumbar vertebrae:

A

Largest
Short and blunt spinous process

54
Q

What bone is formed by the fusion of the five vertebrae inferior to the lumbar region?

A

The sacrum is formed by the fusion of the five vertebrae inferior to the lumbar region.

55
Q

What structures extend laterally from the sacral base?

A

The sacral alae (singular: ala) extend laterally from the sacral base.

56
Q

What do the auricular surfaces of the sacrum articulate with?

A

The auricular surfaces of the sacrum articulate with the auricular surfaces of the ilium portion of the hipbone, forming the sacroiliac joints.

57
Q

What structures on the sacrum articulate with the L5 vertebra, and what joints do they form?

A

The two superior articular processes on the sacrum articulate with the inferior articular processes of the L5 vertebra, forming the lumbosacral joints.

58
Q

What is the sacral canal, and what is its function?

A

The sacral canal is an opening that spans the length of the sacrum from its superior end to its inferior end. It serves as an extension of the vertebral canal.

59
Q

top portion of the sternum:

A

manubrium

60
Q

middle potion of the sternum:

A

body

61
Q

pointed potion at the end of the sternum?

A

xiphoid process

62
Q

the angled ridged at the end of the manubrium on the sternum

A

th sternal ridge

63
Q

Where does the sternum lie within the thoracic cage?

A

The sternum lies along the anterior side of the thoracic cage in the midline.

64
Q

What is the sternal angle, and what is its significance?

A

The sternal angle is an angle between two portions of the sternum when viewed from the side. It serves as a landmark for identifying important structures in the thoracic cavity, such as the second rib and the level of the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.

65
Q

What forms the sternoclavicular joints, and where are they located?

A

Each clavicular notch of the sternum forms a joint with the clavicle, known as the sternoclavicular joint.

66
Q

where is the suprasternal notch located?

A

at the top of the manubrium, medial to the clavicular notch.

67
Q

The thoracic cage is composed of the:

A

Sternum
Ribs and their costal cartilages
Vertebral bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

68
Q

Functions of the thoracic cage:

A

Protect the organs of the thoracic cavity (e.g., lungs, heart) and superior abdominal cavity (e.g., liver)
Attachment point for muscles and the pectoral (shoulder) girdles
Assist in breathing

69
Q

what is the purpose of costal cartilages on the ribs in the thorax?

A

provide direct and indirect connections between most of the ribs and the sternum.

70
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there?

A

There are 12 pairs of ribs (numbered from superior to inferior)

71
Q

which ribs increase in length and which decrease?

A

Increase in length (1-7) and then decrease in length (8-12)

72
Q

How does a rib articulate anteriorly with the sternum, and what joint is formed?

A

via strips of hyaline cartilage called costal cartilages, forming sternocostal joints.

73
Q

How does a rib articulate posteriorly, and with what structure?

A

A rib articulates posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae, forming vertebrocostal joints.

74
Q

how many true ribs? what are true ribs?

A

1-7: 7
have costal cartilages that attach directly to the sternum

75
Q

how many false ribs? what are false ribs?

A

8-12: 5
have costal cartilages that attach indirectly to sternum or not at all

76
Q

hoe many floating ribs? what are floating ribs?

A

11-12: 2 floating ribs
do not attach to the sternum

77
Q

Tubercle:

A

his is a small bump or projection on each rib. It’s like a little knob sticking out.

78
Q

how does the rib tubercle and the vertebrae’s facet articulate

A

The rib’s tubercle fits into the vertebra’s facet, creating a joint. This joint allows the rib to move with the vertebra, helping us breathe and move comfortably.

79
Q

what articulates with the demi facets on the bodies of 2 thoracic vertebrae?

A

superior and inferior facets located on the head of the rib

80
Q

what is located below the head of the rib?

A

the neck

81
Q

what is the curve on the rib called?

A

costal angle

82
Q

what is the main portion of the rib called?

A

the body

83
Q

what does the superior facet on the rib articulate with?

A

the inferior demi facet of the vertebra abive

84
Q

what does the inferior demi facet articulate with?

A

the superior demi facet of the corresponding vertebra

85
Q
A

Anatomy (34 decks)

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