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Anatomy > lab exam 2 - Practice > Flashcards

lab exam 2 - Practice Flashcards

2nd half; should be practiced with lab exam 1 for final examination.

1
Q

What is the major function of the Cerebrum?

A

The cerebrum is responsible for higher brain functions such as conscious thought, memory, sensory processing, and voluntary movement.

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2
Q

What is the major function of the Cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements, balance, posture, and motor learning.

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3
Q

What is the major function of the Thalamus?

A

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, transmitting signals from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex.

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4
Q

What is the major function of the Hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus regulates essential bodily functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, sleep, and hormone production.

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5
Q

What is the major function of the Midbrain?

A

The midbrain is involved in controlling motor functions, visual and auditory reflexes, and regulating arousal and consciousness.

“Move, See, Hear, Wake Up!”

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6
Q

What is the major function of the Pons?

A

The pons serves as a relay center for transmitting signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and it regulates functions such as breathing, sleep, swallowing, and posture.

“RBSSP: Relay, Breathe, Swallow, Sleep, Posture.”

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7
Q

What is the major function of the Medulla Oblongata?

A

The medulla oblongata regulates vital autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and reflexes like coughing and swallowing.

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8
Q

What is the major function of the Corpus Callosum?

A

The corpus callosum facilitates communication and coordination between the left and right cerebral hemispheres, allowing for integration of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions.

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9
Q

identify the 4 lobes of the cerebrum:

A

fontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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10
Q

in general, which lobe is associated with motor and higher functions?

A

frontal lobe

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11
Q

in general, which lobes are associated with sensory functions?

A

parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.

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12
Q

list and describe the functional areas in the frontal lobe:

A

Primary motor area – initiation of voluntary movements

Premotor area – a “memory bank” of learned movements

Prefrontal cortex – “higher functions” (e.g., intellect, learning, memory, planning, judgment, personality, mood)

Also contains areas that are involved with:
Articulation of speech
Recognition of olfactory stimuli (odours)

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13
Q

primary motor cortex location and sensation

A

located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. This area is specifically found anterior to the central sulcus, which separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

the primary motor area in the frontal lobe is primarily related to movement and muscle control.

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14
Q

premotor area location and sensation:

A

located in the frontal lobe of the brain, specifically anterior to the primary motor cortex and adjacent to the precentral gyrus.

the premotor area, it is involved in the planning and coordination of voluntary movements.

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15
Q

location and sensation of the prefrontal cortex:

A

The prefrontal cortex is located in the frontal lobe of the brain, specifically in the anterior part of the frontal lobe, spanning the area just behind the forehead.

primarily involved in higher cognitive functions, executive control processes, and emotional regulation.

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16
Q

list the functional areas of the temporal lobe:

A

Primary auditory area – perception of auditory sensations

Primary olfactory area – perception of olfactory sensations

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17
Q

location of the primary auditory area:

A

located in the temporal lobe of the brain. Specifically, it is situated within the superior temporal gyrus, which is a gyrus (convolution) on the lateral surface of each hemisphere of the brain.

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18
Q

location of the primary olfactory area:

A

located in the brain’s temporal lobe. More specifically, it is situated within the medial temporal lobe, near the base of the brain.

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19
Q

functional area of the occipital lobe:

A

Primary visual area – perception of visual sensations

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20
Q

location of the primary visual area

A

located in the occipital lobe of the brain. It is situated on the medial surface of the occipital lobe, spanning the banks of the calcarine sulcus (also known as the primary fissure of the occipital lobe).

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21
Q

The anterior (ventral) horn

A

contains somatic motor neurons.

These neurons send their axons out through the anterior (ventral) root to innervate skeletal muscles, controlling voluntary movements.

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22
Q

The posterior (dorsal) horn

A

contains sensory neurons and interneurons.

Sensory neurons carrying information from the body’s periphery synapse with interneurons or ascend to the brain through the spinothalamic tract.

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23
Q

The lateral horn

A

contains autonomic motor neurons.

found only in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord and contains autonomic motor neurons. These neurons control visceral functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.

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24
Q

The anterior (ventral) root

A

contains the axons of somatic motor neurons.

These axons exit the spinal cord and innervate skeletal muscles, controlling voluntary movements.

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25
Q

Posterior (dorsal) root:

A

The posterior root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

These neurons have their cell bodies outside the spinal cord and send their axons into the spinal cord through the posterior root.

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26
Q

Left Atrium

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the left ventricle.

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27
Q

Right Atrium:

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cavae and pumps it into the right ventricle.

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28
Q

Left Ventricle:

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta to be circulated throughout the body.

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29
Q

Right Ventricle:

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk to be sent to the lungs for oxygenation.

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30
Q

Left Atrioventricular Valve (also known as the mitral valve):

A

Prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

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31
Q

Right Atrioventricular Valve (also known as the tricuspid valve):

A

Prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium during ventricular contraction.

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32
Q

Left Semilunar Valve (aortic valve):

A

Regulates blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta and prevents backflow into the ventricle during diastole.

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33
Q

Right Semilunar Valve (pulmonary valve):

A

Regulates blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk and prevents backflow into the ventricle during diastole.

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34
Q

Aorta:

A

The main artery of the body, it carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body.

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35
Q

Superior Vena Cava:

A

Returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart.

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36
Q

Inferior Vena Cava:

A

Returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart.

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37
Q

Pulmonary Trunk:

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

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38
Q

Pulmonary Arteries:

A

Branches of the pulmonary trunk that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

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39
Q

Pulmonary Veins:

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

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40
Q

name the blood vessels that drain into the right atria

A

Superior Vena Cava: Drains deoxygenated blood from the upper body (head, neck, upper limbs, and chest).

Inferior Vena Cava: Drains deoxygenated blood from the lower body (abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs).

Coronary Sinus: Drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary circulation, which supplies the heart muscle itself.

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41
Q

name the blood vessels that drain into the left atria:

A

Four Pulmonary Veins: Two pulmonary veins from the left lung and two from the right lung, carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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42
Q

Name the blood vessels that receive blood from the left ventricles:

A

Aorta: Receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the systemic circulation, supplying oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs.

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43
Q

name the blood vessels that receive blood from the right ventricles:

A

Pulmonary Trunk: Receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle and branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

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44
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery of the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart, it distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through its branches.

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45
Q

Brachiocephalic Trunk:

A

Artery that branches from the aorta and further divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery, supplying blood to the right arm, head, and neck.

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46
Q

Common Carotid Artery:

A

Branches from the brachiocephalic trunk (on the right side) or directly from the aorta (on the left side) and supplies blood to the head and neck.

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47
Q

External Carotid Artery:

A

Branch of the common carotid artery, it supplies blood to the external structures of the head and neck, including the face and scalp.

The external carotid artery does not enter the cranium directly. However, it gives off several branches, one of which is the maxillary artery. The maxillary artery enters the cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum, which is one of the foramina in the sphenoid bone.

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48
Q

Subclavian Artery:

A

Artery that arises directly from the aorta on the left side and from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side, supplying blood to the arms and shoulders.

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49
Q

Axillary Artery:

A

Continuation of the subclavian artery beyond the outer border of the first rib, supplying blood to the axilla (armpit) and upper arm.

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50
Q

Brachial Artery:

A

Artery that continues from the axillary artery in the upper arm, supplying blood to the muscles and tissues of the upper arm.

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51
Q

Radial Artery:

A

Artery that branches from the brachial artery in the forearm, supplying blood to the lateral aspect of the forearm and hand, including the thumb and index finger.

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52
Q

Ulnar Artery:

A

Artery that branches from the brachial artery in the forearm, supplying blood to the medial aspect of the forearm and hand, including the little finger and half of the ring finger.

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53
Q

Celiac Trunk:

A

Artery that branches from the abdominal aorta, supplying blood to the upper abdominal organs, including the stomach, liver, spleen, and pancreas.

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54
Q

Superior Mesenteric Artery:

A

Artery that arises from the abdominal aorta, supplying blood to the small intestine and part of the large intestine.

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55
Q

Inferior Mesenteric Artery:

A

Artery that arises from the abdominal aorta, supplying blood to the distal part of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

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56
Q

Renal Artery:

A

Artery that branches from the abdominal aorta, supplying blood to the kidneys for filtration and waste removal.

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57
Q

Common Iliac Artery:

A

Artery that branches from the abdominal aorta, supplying blood to the pelvis and lower limbs.

58
Q

Internal Iliac Artery

A

Branch of the common iliac artery, supplying blood to the pelvic organs and gluteal muscles.

59
Q

External Iliac Artery:

A

Branch of the common iliac artery, it becomes the femoral artery after crossing under the inguinal ligament, supplying blood to the lower limbs.

60
Q

Femoral Artery:

A

Artery that continues from the external iliac artery in the thigh, supplying blood to the muscles and tissues of the thigh and lower leg.

61
Q

Popliteal Artery:

A

Artery that continues from the femoral artery behind the knee, supplying blood to the knee joint and muscles of the thigh and calf.

62
Q

Anterior Tibial Artery:

A

Branch of the popliteal artery, supplying blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsum of the foot.

63
Q

Posterior Tibial Artery:

A

Branch of the popliteal artery, supplying blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar aspect of the foot.

64
Q

Superior Vena Cava:

A

A large vein that receives deoxygenated blood from the upper body (head, neck, upper limbs, and chest) and delivers it to the right atrium of the heart.

65
Q

Inferior Vena Cava:

A

A large vein that receives deoxygenated blood from the lower body (abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs) and delivers it to the right atrium of the heart.

66
Q

Brachiocephalic Vein:

A

Vein formed by the union of the subclavian vein and the internal jugular vein on each side of the body, carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper extremities and head to the superior vena cava.

67
Q

Internal Jugular Vein:

A

Vein that drains blood from the brain, face, and neck and joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

68
Q

Subclavian Vein:

A

Vein that drains blood from the arms, shoulders, and chest wall and joins with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

69
Q

Axillary Vein:

A

Vein that drains blood from the armpit region and upper arm and becomes the subclavian vein as it passes the first rib.

70
Q

Basilic Vein

A

A superficial vein of the upper limb that runs along the medial aspect of the arm, draining blood from the hand, forearm, and arm, and it joins with the brachial vein to form the axillary vein.

71
Q

Cephalic Vein:

A

A superficial vein of the upper limb that runs along the lateral aspect of the arm, draining blood from the hand, forearm, and arm, and it joins with the axillary vein.

72
Q

Hepatic Vein:

A

Veins that drain deoxygenated blood from the liver and deliver it to the inferior vena cava.

73
Q

Renal Vein:

A

Veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava.

74
Q

Common Iliac Vein:

A

Vein formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins, draining blood from the pelvis and lower limbs, and it merges with the contralateral common iliac vein to form the inferior vena cava.

75
Q

Internal Iliac Vein:

A

Vein that drains blood from the pelvic organs and gluteal region and joins with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein.

76
Q

External Iliac Vein:

A

Vein that drains blood from the lower limbs and becomes the common iliac vein after crossing under the inguinal ligament.

77
Q

Femoral Vein:

A

Vein that drains blood from the thigh and lower leg, becoming the external iliac vein after passing under the inguinal ligament.

78
Q

Great Saphenous Vein:

A

A superficial vein of the lower limb that runs along the medial aspect of the leg, draining blood from the foot, leg, and thigh, and it empties into the femoral vein.

79
Q

Small Saphenous Vein:

A

A superficial vein of the lower limb that runs along the lateral aspect of the leg, draining blood from the foot and posterior leg, and it empties into the popliteal vein.

80
Q

What effect does the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) have on heart rate?

A

The SNS increases heart rate by stimulating the sinoatrial (SA) node.

81
Q

How does the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) influence cardiac contractility?

A

Sympathetic activation increases the force of cardiac contractions, enhancing the heart’s pumping ability.

82
Q

What effect does the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) have on blood vessels?

A

The SNS causes vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in systemic vascular resistance.

83
Q

How does the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) affect coronary arteries?

A

Despite overall vasoconstriction, sympathetic stimulation causes dilation of coronary arteries, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.

84
Q

What effect does the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) have on heart rate?

A

The PNS decreases heart rate by inhibiting the SA node’s firing rate.

85
Q

How does the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) influence blood vessel diameter?

A

The PNS generally has little direct effect on blood vessel diameter, although it may cause mild vasodilation in some vascular beds.

86
Q

Does the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) significantly influence cardiac contractility?

A

No, the PNS has minimal direct effect on cardiac contractility.

87
Q

What is the primary role of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) in the cardiovascular system?

A

The SNS prepares the body for “fight or flight” responses by increasing heart rate, cardiac contractility, and vasoconstriction.

88
Q

What is the primary role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) in the cardiovascular system?

A

The PNS promotes “rest and digest” activities by decreasing heart rate and having minimal effects on blood vessel diameter.

89
Q

name the structures that pass through: Olfactory Foramina:

A

Olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I) pass through these foramina.

90
Q

Optic Foramen:

A

Optic nerve (cranial nerve II) and ophthalmic artery pass through this foramen.

91
Q

Superior Orbital Fissure:

A

Oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III)

Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV)

Ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

Abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI)

Superior ophthalmic vein

Branches of the ophthalmic artery

92
Q

Foramen Ovale:

A

trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

Accessory meningeal artery

Lesser petrosal nerve

93
Q

Foramen Rotundum:

A

Maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

94
Q

Internal Auditory Meatus:

A

Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)

Internal auditory artery and vein

95
Q

Stylomastoid Foramen:

A

Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

96
Q

Jugular Foramen:

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)

Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

Accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)

Internal jugular vein

Inferior petrosal sinus

Posterior meningeal artery

97
Q

Carotid Foramen:

A

Carotid artery (internal carotid artery)

98
Q

Foramen Magnum:

name a structure, blood vessel and nerve the passes through.

A

Medulla oblongata

Vertebral arteries

Accessory nerves (cranial nerve XI)

Spinal cord

99
Q

Transverse Foramen:

A

Vertebral artery

Vertebral vein

Vertebral nerve

100
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway for food and air; aids in swallowing.

101
Q

Larynx

A

Houses vocal cords, produces sound, and directs air into the trachea.

102
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering.

103
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

forms the Adam’s apple and provides protection to the larynx.

104
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Ring-shaped cartilage that reinforces and supports the trachea.

sits inferior to the thyroid cartilage

105
Q

Trachea

A

Tube that descends through the neck and thoracic cavity and acts as a passageway for air from the larynx to the bronchi

Conducts air to and from the lungs; lined with cilia to trap debris and mucus.

106
Q

Primary bronchi

A

Branches of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

107
Q

Lungs

A

Main organs of respiration; exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood

108
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs; contracts and relaxes to facilitate breathing.

109
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis.

110
Q

Stomach

A

Organ where food is churned and mixed with digestive juices to form chyme.

111
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine where bile and pancreatic enzymes enter to further break down food.

112
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle part of the small intestine where most nutrient absorption occurs.

113
Q

Ileum

A

Final part of the small intestine where absorption of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals is completed.

114
Q

Cecum

A

Pouch-like structure at the beginning of the large intestine.

115
Q

Ascending colon

A

2nd part of the large intestine after the cecum.

Portion of the large intestine where water and electrolytes are absorbed from undigested material.

116
Q

Transverse colon

A

3rd part of the large intestine after the ascending colon.

Part of the large intestine where further water absorption occurs, and feces are formed.

117
Q

Descending colon

A

Section of the large intestine that transports feces towards the rectum.

118
Q

Sigmoid colon:

A

S-shaped segment of the large intestine where feces are stored until elimination.

119
Q

Rectum:

A

Terminal part of the large intestine where feces are stored before being expelled through the anus.

120
Q

Liver

A

Detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile for fat digestion, stores glycogen, and synthesizes proteins.

121
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver; releases bile into the small intestine to aid in digestion.

122
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces digestive enzymes (such as amylase, lipase, and protease) and insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.

123
Q

Spleen

A

Filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and stores platelets and white blood cells. Additionally, it plays a role in the immune system by producing antibodies and storing immune cells.

124
Q

Effects of SNS and PNS on the lungs:

A

SNS: bronchodilation, increases airflow

PNS: Bronchoconstriction, regulates airflow

125
Q

Effects of SNS and PNS on the GI tract:

A

SNS: inhibits digestion, decreases motility

PNS: stimulates digestion, enhances motility

126
Q

Effects of SNS and PNS on the liver:

A

SNS: stimulates glycogenolysis, raises blood glucose

PNS: indirectly supports liver function

127
Q

Kidneys

A

Filter blood to remove waste and excess substances, regulate electrolyte balance, and maintain fluid balance by producing urine.

128
Q

Ureters

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder using peristalsis, ensuring unidirectional flow of urine.

129
Q

Urinary bladder:

A

Store urine temporarily until it is expelled from the body; stretchable organ that expands to accommodate varying urine volumes.

130
Q

Urethra

A

Conduct urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body during urination; also serves as the passageway for semen in males.

131
Q

Ovary

A

Produce eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

132
Q

Uterine tube (Fallopian tube):

A

Transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and provide the site for fertilization to occur.

133
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular organ where fertilized eggs implant and develop into embryos/fetuses during pregnancy; also contracts during labor to expel the baby during childbirth.

134
Q

Vagina

A

Receives the penis during sexual intercourse, serves as the birth canal during childbirth, and provides a passage for menstrual flow to exit the body.

135
Q

Testis

A

Produce sperm and testosterone hormone.

136
Q

Epididymis

A

Stores and matures sperm after they leave the testes, facilitating their motility and fertilizing capability.

137
Q

Ductus deferens (Vas deferens):

A

Formed by the union of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle; transports sperm and seminal fluid into the urethra.

138
Q

Seminal vesicle:

A

Produces seminal fluid rich in fructose and other nutrients that nourish sperm and enhance their motility.

139
Q

Prostate gland:

A

Produces a milky, alkaline fluid that makes up a significant portion of semen, aiding in sperm motility and viability.

140
Q

Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland):

A

Produces a clear, viscous fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes acidic urine residue in the urethra prior to ejaculation.

Anatomy (34 decks)

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