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Anatomy > cranial nerves > Flashcards

cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain?

A

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that originate from the brain, mostly from the brainstem.

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2
Q

How are cranial nerves numbered?

A

Cranial nerves are numbered using Roman numerals (I-XII) in the order they emerge along the longitudinal axis of the brain, from anterior to posterior.

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3
Q

What types of functions do cranial nerves serve?

A

Cranial nerves can be purely sensory, purely motor, or mixed (sensory and motor).

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4
Q

How can the peripheral nervous system (PNS) be divided?

A

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS).

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5
Q

What does the somatic nervous system (SNS) transmit?

A

The somatic nervous system (SNS) transmits sensory signals related to external stimuli from receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, and special sense organs, and motor signals to skeletal muscles.

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6
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) transmit?

A

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) transmits sensory signals generally related to internal stimuli from receptors in visceral organs and tissues, and motor signals to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands located within the body’s viscera.

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7
Q

What are the three types of sensations included in the sensory component of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

The three types of sensations are somatic sensations from receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints; special sensations from receptors in the special sense organs; and visceral sensations from receptors in the visceral organs.

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8
Q

What are the two types of output included in the motor component of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

The two types of output are somatic motor output to skeletal muscles and autonomic motor output to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands within the viscera of the body.

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9
Q

What types of neurons are generally found in the major peripheral nerve branches of
the brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses?

A

The major peripheral nerve branches of the brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses generally contain neurons with somatic sensory and somatic motor functions.

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10
Q

What functions are generally not associated with the neurons in these peripheral nerve branches?

A

Neurons in these peripheral nerve branches generally do not contain special sensory, visceral sensory, or autonomic motor functions.

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11
Q

What types of neurons are found in the cranial nerves?

A

various combinations of sensory and motor neurons.

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12
Q

How do the cranial nerves differ from the major peripheral nerve branches in terms of neuron types?

A

Cranial nerves have various types of sensory and motor neurons, including special sensory, visceral sensory, and autonomic motor functions, while major peripheral nerve branches mainly have somatic sensory and somatic motor functions.

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13
Q

list the nerve responsible for somatic sensation

A

CN V

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14
Q

list the nerves responsible for special sensory:

A

CN I
CN II
CN VII
CN VIII
CN IX

1,2,7,8,9

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15
Q

List the nerves responsible for somatic motor:

A

CN III
CN IV
CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII

3-7, 9-12

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15
Q

list the nerves responsible for visceral sensory:

A

CN IX
CN X

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16
Q

list the nerves responsible for autonomic motor:

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CN X

3,7,9,10

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17
Q

list the cranial nerves and their associated functions (listed with mnemonics):

A

Oh: olfactory - Some: Sensory

Oh: optic- Say: Sensory

Oh: oculomotor- Marry: Motor

To: trochlear- Money: Motor

Touch: trigeminal- But: Both

And: abducens- My: Motor

Feel: facial- Brother: Both

Very: vestibulocochlear- Says: Sensory

Grumpy: glossopharyngeal- Big: Both

Vultures: vagus- Brains: Both

And: accessory- Matter: Motor

Hippos: hypoglossal- more: motor

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18
Q

cranial nerves:
sensory components of the PNS

A

somatic sensations: skin, muscles (SNS)

special sensations: vision, etc. (SNS)

Visceral sensations: visceral organs (ANS)

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19
Q

cranial nerves:
motor components of the PNS:

A

Somatic motor: skeletal muscles (SNS)

Autonomic motor: Visceral organs (ANS)

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20
Q

Peripheral Nerves
(branches of spinal nerves): sensory component of the PNS:

A

somatic sensations: Skin, muscles (SNS)

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21
Q

Peripheral Nerves/ PNS
(branches of spinal nerves) - what are the motor components of the PNS?

A

Somatic motor: skeletal muscles (SNS)

Autonomic motor: visceral organs (ANS)

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22
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory nerve

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23
Q

What is Cranial Nerve I responsible for?

A

Cranial Nerve I, the olfactory nerve, is responsible for the sense of smell.

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24
Q

Where are the receptors that detect olfactory stimuli located?

A

Receptors that detect olfactory stimuli line the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

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25
Q

How do the axons of the olfactory receptors enter the skull?

A

The axons of the olfactory receptors enter the skull via the olfactory foramina, specifically the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

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26
Q

Where do the axons of olfactory receptors synapse after entering the skull?

A

The axons of olfactory receptors synapse with neurons in the ipsilateral olfactory bulb after entering the skull.

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27
Q

What type of signals does the olfactory nerve transmit?

A

The olfactory nerve transmits special sensory signals, specifically those related to the sense of smell.

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28
Q

What is the motor function associated with Cranial Nerve I?

A

no motor function; it is solely responsible for special sensory perception, specifically the sense of smell.

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29
Q

What is the primary function of Cranial Nerve II?

A

Cranial Nerve II, the optic nerve, is primarily responsible for vision.

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30
Q

Where do the axons carrying visual signals emerge from?

A

The axons carrying visual signals emerge from the back of each eyeball.

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31
Q

How do the optic nerves enter the skull?

A

The optic nerves enter the skull via the optic foramina, specifically through the sphenoid bone.

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32
Q

What structure do the optic nerves meet at, and what happens there?

A

The optic nerves meet at the optic chiasma, where some axons cross over to the opposite side.

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33
Q

what is the optic chiasma?

A

The optic chiasma is where some nerve fibers from the optic nerves cross over to the opposite side of the brain, allowing for integration of visual information from both eyes.

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34
Q

Where do the axons of the optic nerve synapse?

A

The axons of the optic nerve synapse with neurons in the thalamus.

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35
Q

What is the pathway of the axons after passing through the optic chiasma?

A

After passing through the optic chiasma, the axons continue posteriorly via the optic tracts.

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36
Q

Where are the signals of CN II relayed to after synapsing in the thalamus?

A

After synapsing in the thalamus, the signals are relayed to the primary visual area of the brain.

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37
Q

What type of sensory modality does Cranial Nerve II transmit?

A

Cranial Nerve II transmits special sensory signals related to vision.

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38
Q

What is the motor function associated with Cranial Nerve II?

A

Cranial Nerve II does not have a motor function; it is solely responsible for special sensory perception, specifically related to vision.

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39
Q

What is Cranial Nerve III responsible for?

A

Cranial Nerve III, the oculomotor nerve, carries motor signals to some extrinsic eye muscles and autonomic signals to intrinsic eye muscles.

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40
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve originate?

A

The oculomotor nerve originates in the midbrain.

41
Q

How does the oculomotor nerve enter the orbit?

A

The oculomotor nerve enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure, which is located in the sphenoid bone.

42
Q

What type of motor signals does the oculomotor nerve carry?

A

The oculomotor nerve carries somatic motor signals to extrinsic eye muscles and autonomic motor (parasympathetic) signals to intrinsic eye muscles.

43
Q

What are the functions of the extrinsic eye muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve?

A

The extrinsic eye muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve are responsible for moving the eye.

44
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic eye muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve?

A

The intrinsic eye muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve are responsible for constricting the pupil and adjusting the shape of the lens.

45
Q

What type of sensory signals does Cranial Nerve III carry?

A

Cranial Nerve III does not carry sensory signals; it is purely a motor nerve.

46
Q

What is the abbreviation for the somatic motor function of Cranial Nerve III?

A

M (S), which stands for motor signals to the extrinsic eye muscles.

47
Q

What is the abbreviation for the autonomic motor function of Cranial Nerve III?

A

M (A), which stands for autonomic signals to the intrinsic eye muscles.

48
Q

What is the primary function of Cranial Nerve IV?

A

Cranial Nerve IV, the trochlear nerve, carries motor signals to one of the extrinsic eye muscles.

49
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve originate?

A

The trochlear nerve originates in the midbrain.

50
Q

How does the trochlear nerve enter the orbit?

A

The trochlear nerve enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure, which is located in the sphenoid bone.

51
Q

What type of signals does the trochlear nerve carry?

A

The trochlear nerve carries somatic motor signals to one of the extrinsic eye muscles.

52
Q

Which specific muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

The trochlear nerve innervates one of the skeletal muscles that moves the eye, passing through a loop of connective tissue in the orbit called the trochlea.

53
Q

Does Cranial Nerve IV have any sensory function?

A

No, Cranial Nerve IV does not have any sensory function; it is solely a motor nerve.

54
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VI responsible for?

A

Cranial Nerve VI, the abducens nerve, originates in the pons and carries somatic motor signals to one of the extrinsic eye muscles.

55
Q

Where does the abducens nerve originate?

A

The abducens nerve originates in the pons.

56
Q

How does the abducens nerve enter the orbit?

A

The abducens nerve enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure, located in the sphenoid bone

57
Q

What type of signals does the abducens nerve carry?

A

The abducens nerve carries somatic motor signals to one of the skeletal muscles that moves the eye laterally, referred to as abduction of the eye.

58
Q

What does the term “abducens” refer to?

A

The term “abducens” refers to the lateral movement of the eye, which is abduction, performed by the muscle innervated by the abducens nerve.

59
Q

where does cranial nerve V emerge from?

A

Cranial Nerve V, the trigeminal nerve, emerges from the pons

60
Q

How many branches does the trigeminal nerve have, and what are they?

A

The trigeminal nerve has three branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3).

61
Q

Where does the ophthalmic branch (V1) exit the cranial cavity?

A

The ophthalmic branch (V1) exits the cranial cavity via the superior orbital fissure, located in the sphenoid bone.

62
Q

Where does the maxillary branch (V2) exit the cranial cavity?

A

The maxillary branch (V2) exits the cranial cavity via the foramen rotundum, located in the sphenoid bone.

63
Q

Where does the mandibular branch (V3) exit the cranial cavity?

A

The mandibular branch (V3) exits the cranial cavity via the foramen ovale, located in the sphenoid bone.

64
Q

What type of sensory signals does the trigeminal nerve transmit?

A

The trigeminal nerve transmits somatic sensory signals from the receptors in the skin of the face to the brain.

65
Q

What type of motor signals does the trigeminal nerve transmit?

A

The trigeminal nerve transmits somatic motor signals to the muscles of mastication.

66
Q

where does Cranial Nerve VII emerge from?

A

Cranial Nerve VII, the facial nerve, emerges from the pons

67
Q

Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

The facial nerve exits the skull via the internal auditory meatus and stylomastoid foramen, located in the temporal bone.

68
Q

What type of signals does the facial nerve carry to the muscles of facial expression?

A

The facial nerve carries somatic motor signals to the muscles of facial expression.

69
Q

What type of signals does the facial nerve carry to the salivary glands?

A

The facial nerve carries autonomic (parasympathetic) signals to most of the salivary glands.

70
Q

What type of sensory signals does the facial nerve transmit?

A

The facial nerve transmits special sensory signals related to taste from the anterior portion of the tongue to the brain.

71
Q

What is the primary function of Cranial Nerve VII?

A

Cranial Nerve VII innervates the muscles of facial expression, provides autonomic control to salivary glands, and transmits taste signals from the anterior portion of the tongue to the brain.

72
Q

what are the two branches of cranial nerve VIII?

A

Cranial Nerve VIII, the vestibulocochlear nerve, has two branches: the vestibular branch for balance and the cochlear branch for hearing.

73
Q

What type of signals does the vestibular branch carry?

A

The vestibular branch carries signals related to balance from the semicircular canals in the inner ear.

74
Q

What type of signals does the cochlear branch carry?

A

The cochlear branch carries signals related to hearing from the cochlea in the inner ear.

75
Q

Where do the branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve merge?

A

The branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve merge and pass through the internal auditory meatus, located in the temporal bone, before entering the medulla oblongata.

76
Q

Does Cranial Nerve VIII have any motor function?

A

No, Cranial Nerve VIII does not have any motor function; it is solely responsible for special sensory perception related to balance and hearing.

77
Q

What structures are responsible for balance and hearing, respectively, in the inner ear?

A

The cochlea is responsible for hearing, while the vestibular apparatus responds to changes in head position and movement, providing information used to maintain balance.

78
Q

where does cranial nerve IX emerge from?

A

Cranial Nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, emerges from the medulla oblongata and exits the skull via the jugular foramen.

79
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve exits the skull via the jugular foramen, located in the temporal bone.

80
Q

What type of signals does the glossopharyngeal nerve carry to the pharynx?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve carries somatic motor signals to one of the muscles of the pharynx.

81
Q

What type of signals does the glossopharyngeal nerve carry to the salivary gland?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve carries autonomic (parasympathetic) signals to one of the salivary glands.

82
Q

What type of sensory signals does the glossopharyngeal nerve transmit from the tongue?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve transmits special sensory signals related to taste from the posterior portion of the tongue to the brain.

83
Q

What type of sensory signals does the glossopharyngeal nerve transmit from the carotid arteries?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve transmits visceral sensory signals from receptors in the carotid arteries in the neck to the brain.

84
Q

where does cranial nerve X emerge and exit?

A

Cranial Nerve X, the vagus nerve, emerges from the medulla oblongata and exits the skull via the jugular foramen (temporal bone).

85
Q

What type of signals does the vagus nerve carry to the muscles of the pharynx and larynx?

A

The vagus nerve carries somatic motor signals to most of the muscles of the pharynx and larynx.

86
Q

What type of signals does the vagus nerve carry to the heart, lungs, and organs of the digestive system?

A

The vagus nerve carries autonomic (parasympathetic) signals to the heart, lungs, and organs of the digestive system.

87
Q

What type of sensory signals does the vagus nerve transmit from the arch of the aorta?

A

The vagus nerve transmits visceral sensory signals from receptors in the arch of the aorta to the brain.

88
Q

What is the pathway of the vagus nerve after exiting the skull?

A

After exiting the skull, the vagus nerve travels down the neck and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into branches to innervate various structures.

89
Q

What is Cranial Nerve XI commonly known as?

A

Cranial Nerve XI is commonly known as the Accessory Nerve.

90
Q

Does Cranial Nerve XI originate within the cranial cavity?

A

No, Cranial Nerve XI does not originate within the cranial cavity.

91
Q

Where does Cranial Nerve XI enter and exit the skull?

A

Cranial Nerve XI enters the skull via the foramen magnum and exits via the jugular foramen.

92
Q

Which muscles does Cranial Nerve XI innervate?

A

Cranial Nerve XI innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

93
Q

What type of innervation does Cranial Nerve XI provide to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?

A

Cranial Nerve XI provides somatic motor innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

94
Q

Does Cranial Nerve XI have any sensory function?

A

No, Cranial Nerve XI does not have any sensory function.

95
Q

where does Cranial Nerve XII enter and exit the skull?

A

Cranial Nerve XII, the hypoglossal nerve, emerges from the medulla oblongata and exits the skull via a small canal in the occipital bone.

96
Q

What type of muscles does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

The hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue muscles.

97
Q

What type of innervation does the hypoglossal nerve provide to the tongue muscles?

A

The hypoglossal nerve provides somatic motor innervation to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

98
Q

Does Cranial Nerve XII have any sensory function?

A

No, Cranial Nerve XII does not have any sensory function; it is solely responsible for innervating the muscles of the tongue.

99
Q
A

Anatomy (34 decks)

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