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6. MSK > Lower Limb Muscles of the Foot > Flashcards

Lower Limb Muscles of the Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups of foot muscles?

A

Extrinsic - from anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments and responsible for eversion, inversion, plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the foot.
Intrinsic - within the foot and responsible for fine motor actions of the foots, like movement of individual digits.

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2
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the dorsum of the foot?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis.

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3
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Calcaneus, interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, stem of inferior extensor retinaculum.

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4
Q

What are the distal attachments of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Long extensor tendons of four medial digits - toes 2-4.

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5
Q

What is the extensor digitorum brevis innervated by?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1).

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6
Q

What is the arterial supply to the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery.

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7
Q

What is the action of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Aids the extensor digitorum longus in extending the four medial toes at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.

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8
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the extensory hallucis brevis?

A

Calcaneus, interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, stem of inferior extensor retinaculum.

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9
Q

What are the distal attachments of the extensory hallucis brevis?

A

Dorsal aspet of base of proximal phalanx of great toe.

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10
Q

What is the extensory hallucis brevis innervated by?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1).

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11
Q

What is the arterial supply to the extensory hallucis brevis?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

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12
Q

What is the action of the extensory hallucis brevis?

A

Aids the extensor hallucis longus in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint.

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13
Q

How many intrinsic muscles are there in the sole of the foot?

A

10, divided into four layers (superficial to deep).

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14
Q

What is the overall function of the intrinsic muscles in the sole of the foot?

A

To stabilise the arches of the foot, and individually control movement of the digits.

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15
Q

What are the four layers of intrinsic muscles in the sole of the foot?

A

1st layer (most superficial): abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi.
2nd layer: quadratus plantae, lumbricals.
3rd layer: flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis.
4th layer: plantar interossei (three muscles), dorsal interossei (four muscles).

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16
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the abductor hallucis?

A

Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, plantar aponeurosis.

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17
Q

What is the distal attachment of the abductor hallucis?

A

Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit.

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18
Q

What is the abductor hallucis innervated by?

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3).

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19
Q

What is the arterial supply of the abductor hallucis?

A

Medial plantar artery.

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20
Q

What is the action of the abductor hallucis?

A

Abducts and flexes 1st digit.

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21
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa.

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22
Q

What is the distal attachment of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits.

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23
Q

What is the flexor digitorum brevis innervated by?

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3).

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24
Q

What is the arterial supply of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Deep branch of medial plantar artery, lateral plantar artery.

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25
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Flexes lateral four digits.

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26
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa.

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27
Q

What is the distal attachment of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit.

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28
Q

What is the abductor digiti minimi innervated by?

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3).

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29
Q

What is the arterial supply of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Lateral plantar artery.

30
Q

What is the action of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Abducts and flexes little toe.

31
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the quadratus plantae?

A

Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus.

32
Q

What is the distal attachment of the quadratus plantae?

A

Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus.

33
Q

What is the quadratus plantae innervated by?

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3).

34
Q

What is the arterial supply of the quadratus plantae?

A

Lateral plantar artery.

35
Q

What is the action of the quadratus plantae?

A

Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits.

36
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the lumbricals?

A

Tendons of flexor digitorum longus.

37
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the lumbricals?

A

Medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits.

38
Q

What are the lumbricals innervated by?

A

Medial one - medial plantar nerve (S2, S3).

Lateral three - lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3).

39
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lumbricals?

A

Superficial branch of medial plantar artery, plantar metatarsal arteries.

40
Q

What is the action of the lumbricals?

A

Flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits.

41
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms.

42
Q

What are the distal attachments of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Both sides of base and proximal phalanx of 1st digit.

43
Q

What is the flexor hallucis brevis innervated by?

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3).

44
Q

What is the arterial supply to the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Deep branch of the medial plantar nerve.

45
Q

What is the action of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit.

46
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the adductor hallucis?

A

Oblique head - bases of metatarsasl 2-4.

Transverse head - plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints.

47
Q

What are the distal attachments of the adductor hallucis?

A

Tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit.

48
Q

What is the adductor hallucis innervated by?

A

Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3).

49
Q

What is the arterial supply to the adductor hallucis?

A

Deep plantar arch and plantar metatarsal arteries.

50
Q

What is the action of the adductor hallucis?

A

Adduct 1st digit, assists in transverse arch of foot by metatarsals medially.

51
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Base of 5th metatarsal.

52
Q

What are the distal attachments of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit.

53
Q

What is the flexor digiti minimi brevis innervated by?

A

Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3).

54
Q

What is the arterial supply to the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Lateral plantar artery.

55
Q

What is the action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Flexes prxoimal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion.

56
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the plantar interossei?

A

Plantar aspect of medial sides of shafts of metatarsals 3-5.

57
Q

What are the distal attachments of the plantar interossei?

A

Medial side of bases of phalanges of 3rd-5th digits.

58
Q

What is the plantar interossei innervated by?

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3).

59
Q

What is the arterial supply of the plantar interossei?

A

Plantar metatarsal arteries.

60
Q

What is the action of the plantar interossei?

A

Adduct digits 3-5 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints.

61
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the dorsal interossei?

A

Adjacent sides of shaft of metatarsals 1-5.

62
Q

What are the distal attachments of the dorsal interossei?

A

1st - medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit.

2nd-4th: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits.

63
Q

What is the dorsal interossei innervated by?

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3).

64
Q

What is the arterial supply of the dorsal interossei?

A

Dorsal metatarsal arteries.

65
Q

What is the action of the dorsal interossei?

A

Abduct digits 2-4 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints.

66
Q

What is contusion of extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Tearing of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle fibres that results in haematoma.

67
Q

What is the characteristic sign of contusion of extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Swelling anteromedial to lateral malleolus.

68
Q

What is medial plantar nerve entrapment?

A

Medial plantar nerve become compressed and irritated as it passes deep to the abductor hallucis muscle.

69
Q

What are the symptoms of medial plantar nerve entrapment?

A

Aching, numbness, paraesthesia on medial side of sole of the foot.

70
Q

What can cause medial plantar nerve entrapment?

A

Repetitive eversion of the foot, occurs in some sports like gymnastics.

6. MSK (30 decks)

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