Back Intrinsic Muscles (not needed for ESA2)

Question 1

What is another name for the superficial muscles of the back?

Answer 1

Spinotransversales.

Question 2

What are the muscles in the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 2

Splenius capitis and splenius cervicus.

Question 3

What are the proximal attachments of the splenius capitis?

Answer 3

Nuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7-T6 vertebrae.

Question 4

What are the distal attachments of the splenius capitis?

Answer 4

Fibers run superolaterally to mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital bone.

Question 5

What is the splenius capitis innervated by?

Answer 5

Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

Question 6

What is the arterial supply of the splenius capitis?

Answer 6

Deep cervical artery and the posterior intercostal arteries.

Question 7

What is the action of the splenius capitis?

Answer 7

Acting alone - laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of active muscles.
Acting together - extend head and neck.

Question 8

What are the proximal attachments of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 8

Nuchal ligaments anf spinous processes of C7-T6 vertebrae.

Question 9

What are the distal attachments of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 9

Tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3 or C4 vertebrae.

Question 10

What is the splenius cervicis innervated by?

Answer 10

Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

Question 11

What is the arterial supply of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 11

Deep cervical artery and the posterior intercostal arteries.

Question 12

What is the action of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 12

Acting alone - laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of active muscles.
Acting together - extend head and neck.

Question 13

What are the muscles in the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 13

Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis. Together form the erector spinae.

Question 14

What does the common tendinous origin of the intermediate intrinsic back muscles arise from?

Answer 14

Lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, sacrum, posterior aspect of iliac crest, and sacroiliac and supraspinous ligaments.

Question 15

What are the proximal attachments of the iliocostalis?

Answer 15

Arises by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacro-iliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament.

Question 16

What are the distal attachments of the iliocostalis?

Answer 16

Lumborum, thoracis, cervices, fibers run superiorly to angles of lower ribs and cervical tranverse processes.

Question 17

What is the iliocostalis innervated by?

Answer 17

Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

Question 18

What is the arterial supply of the iliocostalis?

Answer 18

Deep cervical artery, posterior intercostal arteries, the lumbar arteries.

Question 19

What is the action of the iliocostalis?

Answer 19

Acting bilaterally - extend vertebral column and head as back is flexed, control movement via eccentric contraction.
Acting unilaterally - laterally flex vertebral column.

Question 20

What are the proximal attachments of the longissimus?

Answer 20

Arises by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacro-iliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament.

Question 21

What are the distal attachments of the longissimus?

Answer 21

Thoracis, cervicis, capitis, fibers run superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles to transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions, and to mastoid process of temporal bone.

Question 22

What is the longissimus innervated by?

Answer 22

Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

Question 23

What is the arterial supply of the longissimus?

Answer 23

Deep cervical artery, the posterior intercostal arteries, the lumbar arteries.

Question 24

What is the action of the longissimus

Answer 24

Acting bilaterally - extend vertebral column and head, as back is flexed, control movement via eccentric contraction.
Acting unilaterally - laterally flex vertebral column.

Question 25

What are the proximal attachments of the spinalis?

Answer 25

Arises by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacro-iliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligaments.

Question 26

What are the distal attachments of the spinalis?

Answer 26

Thoracis, cervicics, capitis, fibers run superiorly to spinous processes in the upper thoracic region and to cranium.

Question 27

What is the spinalis innervated by?

Answer 27

Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

Question 28

What is the arterial supply of the spinalis?

Answer 28

Deep cervical artery, posterior intercostal arteries, the lumbar arteries.

Question 29

What is the action of the spinalis?

Answer 29

Acting bilaterally - extend vertebral column and head, as back is flexed, control movement via eccentric contraction.
Acting unilaterally - laterally flex vertebral column.

Question 30

What are the muscles in the deep intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 30

Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores.

Question 31

What are the proximal attachments of the semispinalis?

Answer 31

Transverse processes, arises from transverse processes of C4-T12 vertebrae.

Question 32

What are the distal attachments of the semispinalis?

Answer 32

Spinous processes of more superior vertebrae, thoracis, cervicis, capitis, fibers run superomedially to occipital bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions, spanning 4-6 segments.

Question 33

What is the semispinalis innervated by?

Answer 33

Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

Question 34

What is the arterial supply of the semispinalis?

Answer 34

Deep cervical artery, the posterior intercostal arteries, the lumbar arteries.

Question 35

What is the action of the semispinalis?

Answer 35

Extension, extends head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column and rotates them contralaterally.

Question 36

What are the proximal attachments of the multifidus?

Answer 36

Transverse processes, arises from posterior sacrum, posterior superior iliac spine of ilium, aponeurosis of erector spinae, sacro-iliac ligaments, mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of T1-T3, articular processes of C4-C7.

Question 37

What are the distal attachments of the multifidus?

Answer 37

Spinous processes of more superior vertebrae, thickest in lumbar region, fibers pass obliquely superomedially to entire length of spinous processes, located 2-4 segments superior to proximal attachment.

Question 38

What is the multifidus innervated by?

Answer 38

Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

Question 39

What is the arterial supply of the multifidus?

Answer 39

Deep cervical artery, the posterior intercostal arteries, the lumbar arteries

Question 40

What is the action of the multifidus?

Answer 40

Extension, stabilises vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column.

Question 41

What are the proximal attachments of the rotatores?

Answer 41

Transverse processes, arise from transverse processes of vertebrae, best developed in thoracic region.

Question 42

What are the distal attachments of the rotatores?

Answer 42

Spinous processes of more superior vertebrae, fibers pass superiomedially to attach to junction of lamina and transverse process or spinous process of vertebra immediately or 2 segments superior to vertebra of attachment.

Question 43

What is the rotatores innervated by?

Answer 43

Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

Question 44

What is the arterial supply of the rotatores?

Answer 44

Deep cervical artery, the posterior intercostal arteries, the lumbar arteries.

Question 45

What is the action of the rotatores?

Answer 45

Extension, stabilise vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of vertebral column, may function as organs of proprioception.