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6. MSK > Back Bones > Flashcards

Back Bones Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the vertebral column?

A

33 small bones, the vertebrae.

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2
Q

Where does the vertebral column run from and to?

A

From the cranium to the apex of the coccyx, on the posterior aspect of the body.

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3
Q

What are the four main functions of the vertebral column?

A

Protection - encloses spinal cord, shielding it from damage.
Support - carries the weight of the body above the pelvis.
Axis - forms the central axis of the body.
Movement - roles in both posture and movement.

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4
Q

What are the fives regions of the vertebral column? How many bones are in each region?

A 
Cervical - 7.
Thoracic - 12.
Lumbar - 5.
Sacrum - 5 (fused).
Coccyx - 4 (fused).
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5
Q

What are the two main parts of the vertebrae?

A

Vertebral body, anterior, and vertebral arch, posterior.

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6
Q

What is the function of the vertebral body?

A

Weight bearing component.

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7
Q

How does the size of vertebral body change along the vertebral column?

A

Increases in size down the vertebral column.

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8
Q

What are the superior and inferior aspects of the vertebral body lined with?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

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9
Q

What are adjacent vertebral bodies separated by?

A

Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc.

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10
Q

What is the role of the fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc that sits between vertebral bodies?

A

Joins the bodies, permits flexibility of the spine, and acts as a shock absorber.

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11
Q

What is the shape of the intervertebral disc in the lumbar and thoracic regions?

A

Wedge shaped to support the curvature of the spine.

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12
Q

What are the two regions in the vertebral disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.

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13
Q

What are the structural characteristics of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus and how are they linked in position?

A

The annulus fibrosus is tough and collagenous, it surround the nucleus pulposus. The nucelus pulpossu is jelly-like and is posteriorly located.

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14
Q

What happens in herniation of the intervertebral disc?

A

The nucleus pulposus ruptures and breaks through the annulus fibrosus. Normally in the posterior, lateral direction, which puts pressure on the spinal cord causing neurological and muscular symptoms.

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15
Q

What is the vertebral foramen?

A

The enclosed hole that the vertebral arch forms.

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16
Q

What is the vertebral canal?

A

The foramina of all the vertebrae lined up, this encloses the spinal cord.

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17
Q

What do the many bony prominences of the vertebral arches act as?

A

Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments.

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18
Q

Where are the pedicles found?

A

There are two on each vertebral arch - one left and one right. They point posteriorly, meeting the flatter laminae.

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19
Q

Where are the lamina found?

A

The bone between the transverse and spinal processes on each vertebral arch.

20
Q

Where are the transverse processes found?

A

Extending laterally and posteriorly away from the pedicles. In the thoracic vertebrae, the transverse processes articulate with the ribs.

21
Q

Where are the articular processes found?

A

Arise at the junction of the lamina and the pedicles, both superior and inferior processes. They articulate with the articular processes of the vertebrae above and below.

22
Q

Where are the spinous processes?

A

Posterior and inferior projections of bone. They are a site of attachment for muscles and ligaments.

23
Q

What are the three main distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae?

A

The spinous process bifurcates into two parts, and so is known as a bifid spinous process.
There are two transverse foramina, one in each transverse process - these conduct the vertebral arteries.
The vertebral foramen is triangular in shape.

24
Q

What are the alternative names for C1 and C2?

A

C1 - atlas.

C2 - axis.

25
Q

What is different about C7 from the other cervical vertebrae?

A

It has a longer spinous process, and does not bifurcate.

26
Q

What is the main function of thoracic vertebrae?

A

To articulate with the ribs, producing the bony thorax.

27
Q

What is a key feature of thoracic vertebrae?

A

They each have two demi facets on each side of the vertebral body. These articulate with the head of the respective rib, and the rib inferior to it. On the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae there is a costal facet for articulation with its respective rib.

28
Q

How does the structure of thoracic vertebrae help protect the spinal cord more?

A

The spinous processes are slanted inferiorly and anteriorly so objects are prevented from entering the spinal canal through the intervertebral discs.

29
Q

What shape is the vertebral foramen in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Circular.

30
Q

What is the role of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

To support the weight of the upper body.

31
Q

What shape is the lumbar vertebrae bodies?

A

Large and kidney shaped.

32
Q

What features do lumbar vertebrae lack?

A

They have no foramen transversarium, costal facets, or bifid spinous processes.

33
Q

What shape do the fused sacral vertebrae form?

A

An upside down triangle - apex pointing inferiorly.

34
Q

What are on the lateral walls of the sacrum?

A

Facets for articulation with the pelvis at the sacro-iliac joints.

35
Q

What is recognisable about the coccyx?

A

It has a lack of vertebral arches so no vertebral canal so doesn’t transmit the spinal cord.

36
Q

How many articulations are there for every joint?

A

Five - indirectly articulate with each other, and the articular processes also form joints.

37
Q

What type of joints are vertebral body joints and why?

A

Cartilaginous joints for weight bearing.

38
Q

What ligaments strengthen the joints?

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.

39
Q

What is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column.

40
Q

What is the role of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column.

41
Q

What ligaments strengthen facet joints?

A

Ligamentum flavum - extend from lamina to lamina.
Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments - join spinous processes together, attach between processes, and the supraspinous ligaments attach to the tips.
Intertransverse ligaments - extend between transverse processes.

42
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excessive thoracic curvature, causing a hunchback deformity.

43
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Excessive lumbar curvature, causing a swayback deformity.

44
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

A lateral curvature of the spine, usually from an unknown cause.

45
Q

What is cervical spondylosis?

A

A decrease in size of the intervertebral foramina, usually due to degeneration of the joints of the spine. The smaller size of the intervertebral foramina puts pressure on exiting nerves, causing pain.

6. MSK (30 decks)

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