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gen bio 2 - kco > long test 1 > Flashcards

long test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the first and last process that our bodies undergo?

A

Cell reproduction

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2
Q

what is the giving of the tasks to
the cells once it is produced through cell reproduction

A

Cell Differentiation

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3
Q

for ——, cell division is a means of reproduction; adding to the
population.

A

Unicellular organisms

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4
Q

Cell division is a means of
development for what type of organisms?

A

Multicellular organisms

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5
Q

describes a fertilized egg to an individual

A

growth

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6
Q

describes how our body heals itself from wounds and cuts

A

renewal and repair

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7
Q

“in between cell division”

A

interphase

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8
Q

Long growth period between cell divisions

A

interphase

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9
Q

organelle factory; development of organelles

A

g1 (first gap)

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10
Q

how long does g1 take?

A

5-6 hrs

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11
Q

creation of genetic material (DNA or RNA)

A

synthesis

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12
Q

how long does the s phase or synthesis take

A

10-12 hrs

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13
Q

double-checker
preparation for cell division

A

g2

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14
Q

how long does g2 take?

A

4-6 hrs

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15
Q

at this point, the cells do not
replenish themselves.

A

g0

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16
Q

bone cells are called?

A

osteocytes

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17
Q

—– are temporarily on g0 and will resume during puberty for both genders

A

sex cells

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18
Q

cytoplasm division or two
daughter cells are formed

A

cytokinesis

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19
Q

all cells divide at the same rate

true or false

A

false

not all cells divide at the same rate

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20
Q

several key “checkpoints” at each phase of the cell cycle.

A

Cell Regulation

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21
Q

Generates new diploid cells, two sets of chromosomes

A

Mitosis

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22
Q

mitosis happens in — reproduction

A

asexual reproduction

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23
Q

daughter cells offspring are genetically identical to the parent
cell

A

mitosis

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24
Q

single celled organisms

A

binary fission

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25
Q

chromatin condenses into
visible chromatids

A

mitosis prophase

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26
Q

sister chromatids join and
pair up at the centromere

A

mitosis prophase

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27
Q

○ nuclear envelopes disappear

A

mitosis prophase

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28
Q

mitotic spindle forms

A

mitosis prophase

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29
Q

metabolic activity decreases

A

mitosis prophase

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30
Q

each chromatid now has
kinetochores

A

mitosis prometaphase

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31
Q

it is centromere’s protein

A

kinetochore

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32
Q

contains the centromeres and microtubule

A

asters

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33
Q

acts like a pulling machine

A

asters

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34
Q

are used to pull the
strands apart

A

spindle fibers

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35
Q

duplicate chromosomes form
a single line at the equator

A

mitosis metaphase

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36
Q

centrosomes are at the
opposite poles of the cell during?

A

mitosis metaphase

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37
Q

longest phase in pmat

A

mitosis metaphase

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38
Q

sister chromatids separate

A

mitosis Anaphase

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39
Q

in anaphase, daughter chromosomes are pulled toward poles by?

A

microtubules

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40
Q

shortest phase

A

mitosis Anaphase

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41
Q

reverse of prophase

A

mitosis telophase

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42
Q

○ daughter nuclei forms

A

mitosis telophase

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43
Q

○ mitotic spindle disintegrates

A

mitosis telophase

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44
Q

—— are what make the strands officially joined
—– are found in the asters

A

centromeres, centosomes

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45
Q

——–: 1 diploid cell to 2 haploid cells, crossover

A

meiosis 1

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46
Q

Generates haploid cells, one set of chromosomes per pair only

A

Meiosis

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47
Q

● requires two cell divisions

A

Meiosis

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48
Q

——— : 2 haploid cells to 4 haploid cells

A

meiosis 2

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49
Q

daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells

A

meiosis

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50
Q

it is for producing gametes or spores

A

meiosis

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51
Q

—- are strands of genetic material that are not yet bound

A

Chromatin

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52
Q

—– are strands that are not yet attached are already near
each other

A

Chromatids`

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53
Q

once the strands are already attached they are called —-

A

chromosomes

54
Q

homologous chromosomes
pairs

A

Prophase I

55
Q

crossing over occurs

A

Prophase I

56
Q

zipper like structure, holds one homolog to another

A

synaptonemal complex:

57
Q

pairing of nonsister chromatid segments

A

synapsis

58
Q

point/ location where the crossing over occurs

A

chiasmata

59
Q

pairs of homologous
chromosomes line up at
metaphase plate

A

● Metaphase I

60
Q

homologs separate in what phase

A

● Anaphase I

61
Q

sister chromatids stay attached at centromere

A

● Anaphase I

62
Q

cytokinesis occur simultaneously
○ rest; the strands have no more activity and are just preparing the nucleus

A

● Telophase I

63
Q

● similar to mitosis pmat

A

Meiosis- PMAT 2

64
Q

a normal human has – pairs of chromosomes

A

23`

65
Q

final product of oogonium

A

1 ovum and 3 polar bodies

66
Q

final form of spermatogonium

A

4 spermatids or sperm cells

67
Q

production of male gametes,

A

Spermatogenesis

68
Q

whiplike movements
propel the sperm

A

tail

69
Q

contains mitochondria in sperm

A

midpiece:

70
Q

: contains the male’s
chromosomes

A

head

71
Q

contains the enzymes that assist fertilization

A

acrosome

72
Q

ovum production

A

oogenesis

73
Q

oogenesis occurs in?

A

ovaries

74
Q

immature follicle is composed of ?

A

a primary oocyte and its granulosa cells

75
Q

stimulated by —-, granulosa cells begin to —-.

A

FSH, collide

76
Q

as fluid-filled antrum develops; follicle begins to produce?

A

estrogen

77
Q

as the follicle matures; estrogen secretion stops

true or false

A

false

  • the follicle matures; estrogen secretion continues
78
Q

ovulation occurs; stimulated by –, the follicle ruptures, releasing the ——

A

LH, secondary oocyte

79
Q

the corpus luteum produces —-

A

progesterone

80
Q

the corpus luteum degenerates if ———

A

pregnancy does not occur

81
Q

eggs form and mature in
female reproductive organs. sperm form and mature in male reproductive organs

A

formation

82
Q

a sperm and an egg fuse to form the zygote

A

fertilization

83
Q

cell division carve up
different regions of egg
cytoplasm for daughter cells

A

cleavage

84
Q

produce two or three primary tissues,
the start of specialized
tissues and organs.

A

gastrulation

85
Q

subpopulations of cells are are sculpted into specialized organs and tissues in spatial patterns

A

● organ formation

86
Q

organs increase in size and gradually assume their
specialized functions

A

● growth, tissue specialization

87
Q

Early Embryonic Stage

FFCGOT

A

formation
fertilization
cleavage
gastrulation
organ formation
tissue specialization

88
Q

series of cell divisions
without growth or
differentiation

A

cleavage

89
Q

zygote receives nutrients and begins to grow in size;

A

growth

90
Q

cells take specialized forms
and functions that lead to different types of tissues (16 cells)

A

differentiation

91
Q

it is when cells change in shape starting as a ball of identical cells to germ layers

A

morphogenesis

92
Q

Human Developmental Stages

A

cleavage
growth
differentiation
morphogenesis

93
Q

first cleavage furrow extends between the two polar bodies

A

day 1 in Early Human Development

94
Q

after the third cleavage, cells
form a compact ball

A

day 3 in Early Human Development

95
Q

sperm + egg

A

day 0 in Early Human Development

96
Q

by 36 hours, there is a ball of 16 to 32 cells . this is the morula

A

day 4 in Early Human Development

97
Q

a fluid filled cavity forms in
the morula. by the 32-cell
stage differentiation is occurring in an inner cell mass that will give rise to the embryo.

A

day 5 in Early Human Development

98
Q

the embryonic stage tgat develops from morula is called the?

A

the blastocyst

99
Q

some of the blastocyst’s
surface cells attach to the endometrium and start to burrow into it. implantation has started.

A

day 6-7 in Early Human Development

100
Q

abnormal implantation, morula is not implanted on the endometrium

A

ectopic pregnancy

101
Q

cell division converts the
zygote into a ball of cells

A

cleavage

102
Q

——- is very active in the first 30 hours

A

cleavage

103
Q

each new cell that forms
during cleavage

A

blastomere`

104
Q

process of early development that produces the three germ layers

A

Gastrulation

105
Q

three pituitary issues that
form as an early embryo
develops

A

● germ layers

106
Q

outermost
■ nervous system and
sense organs

A

ectoderm

107
Q

■ cartilage, bones, muscles
■ cardiovascular system
■ lymphatic system
■ reproductive
outer layer of digestive system

A

mesoderm

108
Q

innermost
lining of digestive tube and respiratory airways

A

endoderm

109
Q

implantation happens on day ??

A

7

110
Q

embryonic
develops from morula and will eventually implant the uterine wall

A

blastocyst

111
Q

hcg means

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

112
Q

happens when morula enters the uterus

A

trophoblast, inner cell mast

113
Q

it is surface epithelium

A

trophoblast

114
Q

small clamp of cell where embryo develops

A

inner cell mast

115
Q

cigarette smoke leads to?

A

retards growth

116
Q

alcohol leads to?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

117
Q

medications (prescription/ over-the-counter) leads to?

A

passing through placenta

118
Q

illegal drugs leads to?

A

child born addicted

119
Q

process by which a cell becomes different from its parent or sister cell

A

differentation

120
Q

differentiation is based on ?

A

different gene expression

121
Q

producing a copy of an entire organism

A

Reproductive Cloning

122
Q

two methods of Reproductive Cloning

A

embryo splitting

somatic cell nuclear transfer

123
Q

8 cells
(clone of each other)

A

embryo splitting:

124
Q

somatic cell + egg cell (clone of the parent

A

somatic cell nuclear transfer:

125
Q

the cloning of human cells specifically for treating patients

A

Therapeutic cloning

126
Q

loss of control of cell division and differentiation

A

cancer cells

127
Q

mountain of cells become?

A

tumor or neoplasm (new growth)

128
Q

when a cell becomes genetically altered and begins to
divide
frequently than normal

A

benign tumor

129
Q

mass is enlarged but stays well contained

A

benign tumor

130
Q

a cancer that
invades normal tissue and may produce secondary tumors

A

malignant tumors

131
Q

once a malignant tumor starts invading other
organs, this is called

A

metastasis

132
Q

goodluck

A

ih

gen bio 2 - kco (21 decks)

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