long test 1 Flashcards
what is the first and last process that our bodies undergo?
Cell reproduction
what is the giving of the tasks to
the cells once it is produced through cell reproduction
Cell Differentiation
for ——, cell division is a means of reproduction; adding to the
population.
Unicellular organisms
Cell division is a means of
development for what type of organisms?
Multicellular organisms
describes a fertilized egg to an individual
growth
describes how our body heals itself from wounds and cuts
renewal and repair
“in between cell division”
interphase
Long growth period between cell divisions
interphase
organelle factory; development of organelles
g1 (first gap)
how long does g1 take?
5-6 hrs
creation of genetic material (DNA or RNA)
synthesis
how long does the s phase or synthesis take
10-12 hrs
double-checker
preparation for cell division
g2
how long does g2 take?
4-6 hrs
at this point, the cells do not
replenish themselves.
g0
bone cells are called?
osteocytes
—– are temporarily on g0 and will resume during puberty for both genders
sex cells
cytoplasm division or two
daughter cells are formed
cytokinesis
all cells divide at the same rate
true or false
false
not all cells divide at the same rate
several key “checkpoints” at each phase of the cell cycle.
Cell Regulation
Generates new diploid cells, two sets of chromosomes
Mitosis
mitosis happens in — reproduction
asexual reproduction
daughter cells offspring are genetically identical to the parent
cell
mitosis
single celled organisms
binary fission
chromatin condenses into
visible chromatids
mitosis prophase
sister chromatids join and
pair up at the centromere
mitosis prophase
○ nuclear envelopes disappear
mitosis prophase
mitotic spindle forms
mitosis prophase
metabolic activity decreases
mitosis prophase
each chromatid now has
kinetochores
mitosis prometaphase
it is centromere’s protein
kinetochore
contains the centromeres and microtubule
asters
acts like a pulling machine
asters
are used to pull the
strands apart
spindle fibers
duplicate chromosomes form
a single line at the equator
mitosis metaphase
centrosomes are at the
opposite poles of the cell during?
mitosis metaphase
longest phase in pmat
mitosis metaphase
sister chromatids separate
mitosis Anaphase
in anaphase, daughter chromosomes are pulled toward poles by?
microtubules
shortest phase
mitosis Anaphase
reverse of prophase
mitosis telophase
○ daughter nuclei forms
mitosis telophase
○ mitotic spindle disintegrates
mitosis telophase
—— are what make the strands officially joined
—– are found in the asters
centromeres, centosomes
——–: 1 diploid cell to 2 haploid cells, crossover
meiosis 1
Generates haploid cells, one set of chromosomes per pair only
Meiosis
● requires two cell divisions
Meiosis
——— : 2 haploid cells to 4 haploid cells
meiosis 2
daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells
meiosis
it is for producing gametes or spores
meiosis
—- are strands of genetic material that are not yet bound
Chromatin
—– are strands that are not yet attached are already near
each other
Chromatids`
once the strands are already attached they are called —-
chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
pairs
Prophase I
crossing over occurs
Prophase I
zipper like structure, holds one homolog to another
synaptonemal complex:
pairing of nonsister chromatid segments
synapsis
point/ location where the crossing over occurs
chiasmata
pairs of homologous
chromosomes line up at
metaphase plate
● Metaphase I
homologs separate in what phase
● Anaphase I
sister chromatids stay attached at centromere
● Anaphase I
cytokinesis occur simultaneously
○ rest; the strands have no more activity and are just preparing the nucleus
● Telophase I
● similar to mitosis pmat
Meiosis- PMAT 2
a normal human has – pairs of chromosomes
23`
final product of oogonium
1 ovum and 3 polar bodies
final form of spermatogonium
4 spermatids or sperm cells
production of male gametes,
Spermatogenesis
whiplike movements
propel the sperm
tail
contains mitochondria in sperm
midpiece:
: contains the male’s
chromosomes
head
contains the enzymes that assist fertilization
acrosome
ovum production
oogenesis
oogenesis occurs in?
ovaries
immature follicle is composed of ?
a primary oocyte and its granulosa cells
stimulated by —-, granulosa cells begin to —-.
FSH, collide
as fluid-filled antrum develops; follicle begins to produce?
estrogen
as the follicle matures; estrogen secretion stops
true or false
false
- the follicle matures; estrogen secretion continues
ovulation occurs; stimulated by –, the follicle ruptures, releasing the ——
LH, secondary oocyte
the corpus luteum produces —-
progesterone
the corpus luteum degenerates if ———
pregnancy does not occur
eggs form and mature in
female reproductive organs. sperm form and mature in male reproductive organs
formation
a sperm and an egg fuse to form the zygote
fertilization
cell division carve up
different regions of egg
cytoplasm for daughter cells
cleavage
produce two or three primary tissues,
the start of specialized
tissues and organs.
gastrulation
subpopulations of cells are are sculpted into specialized organs and tissues in spatial patterns
● organ formation
organs increase in size and gradually assume their
specialized functions
● growth, tissue specialization
Early Embryonic Stage
FFCGOT
formation
fertilization
cleavage
gastrulation
organ formation
tissue specialization
series of cell divisions
without growth or
differentiation
cleavage
zygote receives nutrients and begins to grow in size;
growth
cells take specialized forms
and functions that lead to different types of tissues (16 cells)
differentiation
it is when cells change in shape starting as a ball of identical cells to germ layers
morphogenesis
Human Developmental Stages
cleavage
growth
differentiation
morphogenesis
first cleavage furrow extends between the two polar bodies
day 1 in Early Human Development
after the third cleavage, cells
form a compact ball
day 3 in Early Human Development
sperm + egg
day 0 in Early Human Development
by 36 hours, there is a ball of 16 to 32 cells . this is the morula
day 4 in Early Human Development
a fluid filled cavity forms in
the morula. by the 32-cell
stage differentiation is occurring in an inner cell mass that will give rise to the embryo.
day 5 in Early Human Development
the embryonic stage tgat develops from morula is called the?
the blastocyst
some of the blastocyst’s
surface cells attach to the endometrium and start to burrow into it. implantation has started.
day 6-7 in Early Human Development
abnormal implantation, morula is not implanted on the endometrium
ectopic pregnancy
cell division converts the
zygote into a ball of cells
cleavage
——- is very active in the first 30 hours
cleavage
each new cell that forms
during cleavage
blastomere`
process of early development that produces the three germ layers
Gastrulation
three pituitary issues that
form as an early embryo
develops
● germ layers
outermost
■ nervous system and
sense organs
ectoderm
■ cartilage, bones, muscles
■ cardiovascular system
■ lymphatic system
■ reproductive
outer layer of digestive system
mesoderm
innermost
lining of digestive tube and respiratory airways
endoderm
implantation happens on day ??
7
embryonic
develops from morula and will eventually implant the uterine wall
blastocyst
hcg means
human chorionic gonadotropin
happens when morula enters the uterus
trophoblast, inner cell mast
it is surface epithelium
trophoblast
small clamp of cell where embryo develops
inner cell mast
cigarette smoke leads to?
retards growth
alcohol leads to?
fetal alcohol syndrome
medications (prescription/ over-the-counter) leads to?
passing through placenta
illegal drugs leads to?
child born addicted
process by which a cell becomes different from its parent or sister cell
differentation
differentiation is based on ?
different gene expression
producing a copy of an entire organism
Reproductive Cloning
two methods of Reproductive Cloning
embryo splitting
somatic cell nuclear transfer
8 cells
(clone of each other)
embryo splitting:
somatic cell + egg cell (clone of the parent
somatic cell nuclear transfer:
the cloning of human cells specifically for treating patients
Therapeutic cloning
loss of control of cell division and differentiation
cancer cells
mountain of cells become?
tumor or neoplasm (new growth)
when a cell becomes genetically altered and begins to
divide
frequently than normal
benign tumor
mass is enlarged but stays well contained
benign tumor
a cancer that
invades normal tissue and may produce secondary tumors
malignant tumors
once a malignant tumor starts invading other
organs, this is called
metastasis
goodluck
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