long test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the first and last process that our bodies undergo?
A
Cell reproduction
2
Q
what is the giving of the tasks to
the cells once it is produced through cell reproduction
A
Cell Differentiation
3
Q
for ——, cell division is a means of reproduction; adding to the
population.
A
Unicellular organisms
4
Q
Cell division is a means of
development for what type of organisms?
A
Multicellular organisms
5
Q
describes a fertilized egg to an individual
A
growth
6
Q
describes how our body heals itself from wounds and cuts
A
renewal and repair
7
Q
“in between cell division”
A
interphase
8
Q
Long growth period between cell divisions
A
interphase
9
Q
organelle factory; development of organelles
A
g1 (first gap)
10
Q
how long does g1 take?
A
5-6 hrs
11
Q
creation of genetic material (DNA or RNA)
A
synthesis
12
Q
how long does the s phase or synthesis take
A
10-12 hrs
13
Q
double-checker
preparation for cell division
A
g2
14
Q
how long does g2 take?
A
4-6 hrs
15
Q
at this point, the cells do not
replenish themselves.
A
g0
16
Q
bone cells are called?
A
osteocytes
17
Q
—– are temporarily on g0 and will resume during puberty for both genders
A
sex cells
18
Q
cytoplasm division or two
daughter cells are formed
A
cytokinesis
19
Q
all cells divide at the same rate
true or false
A
false
not all cells divide at the same rate
20
Q
several key “checkpoints” at each phase of the cell cycle.
A
Cell Regulation
21
Q
Generates new diploid cells, two sets of chromosomes
A
Mitosis
22
Q
mitosis happens in — reproduction
A
asexual reproduction
23
Q
daughter cells offspring are genetically identical to the parent
cell
A
mitosis
24
Q
single celled organisms
A
binary fission
25
chromatin condenses into
visible chromatids
mitosis prophase
26
sister chromatids join and
pair up at the centromere
mitosis prophase
27
○ nuclear envelopes disappear
mitosis prophase
28
mitotic spindle forms
mitosis prophase
29
metabolic activity decreases
mitosis prophase
30
each chromatid now has
kinetochores
mitosis prometaphase
31
it is centromere’s protein
kinetochore
32
contains the centromeres and microtubule
asters
33
acts like a pulling machine
asters
34
are used to pull the
strands apart
spindle fibers
35
duplicate chromosomes form
a single line at the equator
mitosis metaphase
36
centrosomes are at the
opposite poles of the cell during?
mitosis metaphase
37
longest phase in pmat
mitosis metaphase
38
sister chromatids separate
mitosis Anaphase
39
in anaphase, daughter chromosomes are pulled toward poles by?
microtubules
40
shortest phase
mitosis Anaphase
41
reverse of prophase
mitosis telophase
42
○ daughter nuclei forms
mitosis telophase
43
○ mitotic spindle disintegrates
mitosis telophase
44
------ are what make the strands officially joined
----- are found in the asters
centromeres, centosomes
45
--------: 1 diploid cell to 2 haploid cells, crossover
meiosis 1
46
Generates haploid cells, one set of chromosomes per pair only
Meiosis
47
● requires two cell divisions
Meiosis
48
--------- : 2 haploid cells to 4 haploid cells
meiosis 2
49
daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells
meiosis
50
it is for producing gametes or spores
meiosis
51
---- are strands of genetic material that are not yet bound
Chromatin
52
----- are strands that are not yet attached are already near
each other
Chromatids`
53
once the strands are already attached they are called ----
chromosomes
54
homologous chromosomes
pairs
Prophase I
55
crossing over occurs
Prophase I
56
zipper like structure, holds one homolog to another
synaptonemal complex:
57
pairing of nonsister chromatid segments
synapsis
58
point/ location where the crossing over occurs
chiasmata
59
pairs of homologous
chromosomes line up at
metaphase plate
● Metaphase I
60
homologs separate in what phase
● Anaphase I
61
sister chromatids stay attached at centromere
● Anaphase I
62
cytokinesis occur simultaneously
○ rest; the strands have no more activity and are just preparing the nucleus
● Telophase I
63
● similar to mitosis pmat
Meiosis- PMAT 2
64
a normal human has -- pairs of chromosomes
23`
65
final product of oogonium
1 ovum and 3 polar bodies
66
final form of spermatogonium
4 spermatids or sperm cells
67
production of male gametes,
Spermatogenesis
68
whiplike movements
propel the sperm
tail
69
contains mitochondria in sperm
midpiece:
70
: contains the male’s
chromosomes
head
71
contains the enzymes that assist fertilization
acrosome
72
ovum production
oogenesis
73
oogenesis occurs in?
ovaries
74
immature follicle is composed of ?
a primary oocyte and its granulosa cells
75
stimulated by ----, granulosa cells begin to ----.
FSH, collide
76
as fluid-filled antrum develops; follicle begins to produce?
estrogen
77
as the follicle matures; estrogen secretion stops
true or false
false
-
the follicle matures; estrogen secretion continues
78
ovulation occurs; stimulated by --, the follicle ruptures, releasing the ------
LH, secondary oocyte
79
the corpus luteum produces ----
progesterone
80
the corpus luteum degenerates if ---------
pregnancy does not occur
81
eggs form and mature in
female reproductive organs. sperm form and mature in male reproductive organs
formation
82
a sperm and an egg fuse to form the zygote
fertilization
83
cell division carve up
different regions of egg
cytoplasm for daughter cells
cleavage
84
produce two or three primary tissues,
the start of specialized
tissues and organs.
gastrulation
85
subpopulations of cells are are sculpted into specialized organs and tissues in spatial patterns
● organ formation
86
organs increase in size and gradually assume their
specialized functions
● growth, tissue specialization
87
Early Embryonic Stage
FFCGOT
formation
fertilization
cleavage
gastrulation
organ formation
tissue specialization
88
series of cell divisions
without growth or
differentiation
cleavage
89
zygote receives nutrients and begins to grow in size;
growth
90
cells take specialized forms
and functions that lead to different types of tissues (16 cells)
differentiation
91
it is when cells change in shape starting as a ball of identical cells to germ layers
morphogenesis
92
Human Developmental Stages
cleavage
growth
differentiation
morphogenesis
93
first cleavage furrow extends between the two polar bodies
day 1 in Early Human Development
94
after the third cleavage, cells
form a compact ball
day 3 in Early Human Development
95
sperm + egg
day 0 in Early Human Development
96
by 36 hours, there is a ball of 16 to 32 cells . this is the morula
day 4 in Early Human Development
97
a fluid filled cavity forms in
the morula. by the 32-cell
stage differentiation is occurring in an inner cell mass that will give rise to the embryo.
day 5 in Early Human Development
98
the embryonic stage tgat develops from morula is called the?
the blastocyst
99
some of the blastocyst’s
surface cells attach to the endometrium and start to burrow into it. implantation has started.
day 6-7 in Early Human Development
100
abnormal implantation, morula is not implanted on the endometrium
ectopic pregnancy
101
cell division converts the
zygote into a ball of cells
cleavage
102
------- is very active in the first 30 hours
cleavage
103
each new cell that forms
during cleavage
blastomere`
104
process of early development that produces the three germ layers
Gastrulation
105
three pituitary issues that
form as an early embryo
develops
● germ layers
106
outermost
■ nervous system and
sense organs
ectoderm
107
■ cartilage, bones, muscles
■ cardiovascular system
■ lymphatic system
■ reproductive
outer layer of digestive system
mesoderm
108
innermost
lining of digestive tube and respiratory airways
endoderm
109
implantation happens on day ??
7
110
embryonic
develops from morula and will eventually implant the uterine wall
blastocyst
111
hcg means
human chorionic gonadotropin
112
happens when morula enters the uterus
trophoblast, inner cell mast
113
it is surface epithelium
trophoblast
114
small clamp of cell where embryo develops
inner cell mast
115
cigarette smoke leads to?
retards growth
116
alcohol leads to?
fetal alcohol syndrome
117
medications (prescription/ over-the-counter) leads to?
passing through placenta
118
illegal drugs leads to?
child born addicted
119
process by which a cell becomes different from its parent or sister cell
differentation
120
differentiation is based on ?
different gene expression
121
producing a copy of an entire organism
Reproductive Cloning
122
two methods of Reproductive Cloning
embryo splitting
somatic cell nuclear transfer
123
8 cells
(clone of each other)
embryo splitting:
124
somatic cell + egg cell (clone of the parent
somatic cell nuclear transfer:
125
the cloning of human cells specifically for treating patients
Therapeutic cloning
126
loss of control of cell division and differentiation
cancer cells
127
mountain of cells become?
tumor or neoplasm (new growth)
128
when a cell becomes genetically altered and begins to
divide
frequently than normal
benign tumor
129
mass is enlarged but stays well contained
benign tumor
130
a cancer that
invades normal tissue and may produce secondary tumors
malignant tumors
131
once a malignant tumor starts invading other
organs, this is called
metastasis
132
goodluck
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