DNA TECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING

Question 1

→ The technical application of biological knowledge for human purposes

Answer 1

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Question 2

Manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or whole organisms

Answer 2

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Question 3

involves manipulating the genetic material of living organisms.

Answer 3

Genetic engineering

Question 4

living organisms’ genetic material consists of nucleotides: ——. It falls under the category of biotechnology.
→ universal language
→ It is present in all species

Answer 4

ACTG

Question 5

Applied science that explores applications of cutting, splicing, and creating DNA

Answer 5

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

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Cutting, splicing, and copying DNA

Answer 6

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Question 6

aims to amplify genetic material by combining two DNA sequences. It falls under genetic engineering.

Answer 6

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

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cut DNA at specific sites, often palindromes

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Restriction enzymes

Question 8

Join fragments of DNA

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DNA ligases

Question 9

small circular pieces of DNA to which desired genes can be added and inserted into bacteria for amplification.

Answer 9

plasmids

Question 10

are strings of letters that read the same forwards and backwards.

Answer 10

PALINDROMIC SEQUENCES

Question 11

They are significant because they act as signals for restriction enzymes. When these enzymes encounter ———, they are prompted to initiate a cutting process.

Answer 11

palindromic sequences

Question 12

shares the same objective as recombinant DNA technology: amplifying genetic material.

Answer 12

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Question 13

employs machines for a faster process, often used in medical settings for safety.

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POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Question 14

Heating the reaction strongly (96°C for 1 minute) to separate, or denature, the DNA strands. This provides the single-stranded template for the next step

subject the dna to heat

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STEP 1: DENATURATION

Question 15

duration of STEP 1: DENATURATION

Answer 15

1 minute

Question 16

Cooling down the DNA sample

the reaction to 55 - 65°C for 45 seconds so primers can bind to their complementary sequences on the single-stranded template DNA

Allows the primer to attach to the DNA strand

Answer 16

STEP 2: ANNEALING

Question 17

duration of STEP 2: ANNEALING

Answer 17

45 seconds

Question 18

Heating the reaction temperature to 72°C for 2 minutes so Taq polymerase extends the primers, synthesizing new strands of DNA

Answer 18

STEP 3: EXTENSION

Question 19

Subject the DNA sample to heat again

Prepares for replication and the creation of complementary sister strands

A polymerase is added to the solution to facilitate extension

Answer 19

STEP 3: EXTENSION

Question 20

Final temperature of amplicon solution should be cooling back to 5°C, this is to ensure proper bonding of newly synthesized strands of DNA

Cooling it down to stabilize everything

Answer 20

STEP 4: COOLING REPEAT CYCLE

Question 21

involves examining the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA strands, which is not feasible without amplification

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DNA SEQUENCING

Question 22

Utilizing color changes to measure the sequencing results

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Colorimetric method

Question 23

enable initiation of DNA synthesis

A,G,C,T nucleotides

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Primers

Question 24

replicates the DNA

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DNA polymerase

Question 25

separates DNA strands by size

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Gel electrophoresis

Question 26

Also utilized in paternity testing to establish biological relationships

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DNA FINGERPRINTING

Question 27

Relies on the parallelism of DNA bonds to identify individuals

Commonly employed in forensic cases due to the reliability of results, which serve as viable evidence

Requires only a limited amount of sample for analysis

Answer 27

DNA FINGERPRINTING

Question 28

Separation and analysis of macromolecules— nucleic acids— according to their size and charge

Answer 28

Gel Electrophoresis

Question 29

Gel Electrophoresis Utilizes two components:

Answer 29

gel and electricity