DNA TECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING Flashcards
→ The technical application of biological knowledge for human purposes
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or whole organisms
GENETIC ENGINEERING
involves manipulating the genetic material of living organisms.
Genetic engineering
living organisms’ genetic material consists of nucleotides: ——. It falls under the category of biotechnology.
→ universal language
→ It is present in all species
ACTG
Applied science that explores applications of cutting, splicing, and creating DNA
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Cutting, splicing, and copying DNA
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
aims to amplify genetic material by combining two DNA sequences. It falls under genetic engineering.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
cut DNA at specific sites, often palindromes
Restriction enzymes
Join fragments of DNA
DNA ligases
small circular pieces of DNA to which desired genes can be added and inserted into bacteria for amplification.
plasmids
are strings of letters that read the same forwards and backwards.
PALINDROMIC SEQUENCES
They are significant because they act as signals for restriction enzymes. When these enzymes encounter ———, they are prompted to initiate a cutting process.
palindromic sequences
shares the same objective as recombinant DNA technology: amplifying genetic material.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
employs machines for a faster process, often used in medical settings for safety.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Heating the reaction strongly (96°C for 1 minute) to separate, or denature, the DNA strands. This provides the single-stranded template for the next step
subject the dna to heat
STEP 1: DENATURATION
duration of STEP 1: DENATURATION
1 minute
Cooling down the DNA sample
the reaction to 55 - 65°C for 45 seconds so primers can bind to their complementary sequences on the single-stranded template DNA
Allows the primer to attach to the DNA strand
STEP 2: ANNEALING
duration of STEP 2: ANNEALING
45 seconds
Heating the reaction temperature to 72°C for 2 minutes so Taq polymerase extends the primers, synthesizing new strands of DNA
STEP 3: EXTENSION
Subject the DNA sample to heat again
Prepares for replication and the creation of complementary sister strands
A polymerase is added to the solution to facilitate extension
STEP 3: EXTENSION
Final temperature of amplicon solution should be cooling back to 5°C, this is to ensure proper bonding of newly synthesized strands of DNA
Cooling it down to stabilize everything
STEP 4: COOLING REPEAT CYCLE
involves examining the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA strands, which is not feasible without amplification
DNA SEQUENCING
Utilizing color changes to measure the sequencing results
Colorimetric method
enable initiation of DNA synthesis
A,G,C,T nucleotides
Primers
replicates the DNA
DNA polymerase
separates DNA strands by size
Gel electrophoresis
Also utilized in paternity testing to establish biological relationships
DNA FINGERPRINTING
Relies on the parallelism of DNA bonds to identify individuals
Commonly employed in forensic cases due to the reliability of results, which serve as viable evidence
Requires only a limited amount of sample for analysis
DNA FINGERPRINTING
Separation and analysis of macromolecules— nucleic acids— according to their size and charge
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis Utilizes two components:
gel and electricity
