ameliorate - cell rep and diff

Question 1

these are composed of biomolecule protein and regulates cell division

Answer 1

enzymes

Question 2

these types of organisms go through cell division for reproduction

Answer 2

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Question 3

these types of organisms go through cell division for growth and development

Answer 3

multicellular organisms

Question 4

T OR F

The cells should be large enough and must have sufficient nutrients that satisfy the requirements of the corresponding stage in order to proceed to the next stage.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

this is an active process that involves the central dogma.

Answer 5

interphase

Question 6

these are defective cells that are incapable for nutrients and growth development.

Answer 6

apoptosis

Question 7

where does apoptosis take place

Answer 7

g2 checkpoint

Question 8

this part of interphase focuses on gene expression (transcription, translation) to provide more nutrients for the cell

Answer 8

g1 / first gap

Question 9

the first gap or g1 takes how many hours to be completed?

Answer 9

5-6 hrs

Question 10

it is a very active stage and the primary period of cell growth

Answer 10

g1

Question 11

this checkpoint rechecks the sufficiency of the cell’s size, amount of nutrients, number of organelles, and the presence of growth factors.

Answer 11

g1 checkpoint

Question 12

this part of interphase focuses on dna replication. only cells that are approved in the g1 checkpoint can proceed to this stage.

Answer 12

S (synthesis) phase

Question 13

how long does the s phase take

Answer 13

10-12 hrs

Question 14

this stage of interphase is where the cell is preparing for cell division.

Answer 14

g2

Question 15

this rechecks the dna ensuring the cell’s proper base parinigs

Answer 15

g2 checkpoint

Question 16

this is the location of the cell that does not proceed to the s stage because of insufficient nutrients or growth.

Answer 16

g0

Question 17

it is a required protein/enzyme for cell regulation that signals a cell if they can proceed to the next stages of the cell cycle.

Answer 17

cyclin kinase

Question 18

this signals wound healing for fibroblasts

Answer 18

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Question 19

it is a process that occurs when there is no more space for the cells to divide

Answer 19

density-dependent inhibition

Question 20

this process generates new diploid cells (2N), two sets of chromosomes from parent cells in 2x23=46, where N represents the number of chromosomes per set

Answer 20

mitosis

Question 21

this is a process for asexual reproduction

Answer 21

mitosis

Question 22

during this process, daughter cells offspring are genetically identical to the parent cell

Answer 22

mitosis

Question 23

during this stage of MITOSIS, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

sister chromatids join at the centromere and the nucleoli and nuclear membrane starts to disappear

Answer 23

prophase

Question 24

when does the mitotic spindle form? (mitosis)

Answer 24

prophase

Question 25

T OR F centrosomes migrate to cell poled in both animal and human cells

Answer 25

false, only animals

Question 26

T OR F metabolic activity decreases during metaphase (mitosis)

Answer 26

false, during prophase

Question 27

in this stage of mitosis, the kinetochores start to attach to the chromatids and some microtubules attach to the kinetochores.

Answer 27

prometaphase

Question 28

in this stage of mitosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes are at the metaphase plate.

Answer 28

metaphase

Question 29

this determines if the kinetochores are properly attached during metaphase in mitosis

Answer 29

M checkpoint

Question 30

this is the shortest phase of mitosis.

Answer 30

anaphase

Question 31

phase in mitosis that is when the sister chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes are pulled toward poled by microtubules.

Answer 31

anaphase

Question 32

phase in mitosis that is also known as the reverse of prophase

Answer 32

telophase

Question 33

the daughter nuclei forms and the mitotic spindle disintegrates in this phase of mitosis

Answer 33

telophase

Question 34

in mitosis, when do the chromosomes start to uncoil and revert to chromatin?

Answer 34

telophase

Question 35

this is the contraction of the cleavage furrow and the cytoplasm division

Answer 35

cytokinesis

Question 36

this process generates haploid cells (1N) one set of chromosomes per cell only 1x23=23

Answer 36

meiosis

Question 37

this process involves sex cells and the daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells

Answer 37

meiosis

Question 38

process that goes from 1 diploid cell to 2 haploid cells

Answer 38

meiosis 1

Question 39

process that goes from 2 haploid cell to 4 haploid cells

Answer 39

meiosis 2

Question 40

this is a combination of the paternal and maternal chromosomes

Answer 40

recombinant chromosomes

Question 41

in this phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs

Answer 41

prophase 1

Question 42

this is a zipper like structure that holds one homolog to another

Answer 42

synaptonemal complex

Question 43

this is the pairing up association of non sister chromatid segments

Answer 43

synapsis

Question 44

it is the point of crossing over

Answer 44

chiasmata

Question 45

this holds sister chromatids together

Answer 45

cohesins

Question 46

these are the products of crossing over

Answer 46

recombinant chromosomes

Question 46

in this phase of meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

Answer 46

metaphase 1

Question 47

in this phase of meiosis, homologs separate but sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere.

Answer 47

anaphase 1

Question 47

in this stage of meiosis, sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.

Answer 47

prophase 2

Question 48

in this phase of meiosis, cytokinesis occurs simultaneously with this

Answer 48

telophase 1

Question 49

in this phase of meiosis, the chromosomes align in the middle (ONLY ONE LINE)

Answer 49

metaphase 2

Question 50

In this stage of meiosis, the chromosomes separate into sister chromatids

Answer 50

anaphase 2

Question 51

in this phase of meiosis, the cell organelles and chromosomes move to opposite poles, it is similar with the process in mitosis

Answer 51

telophase 2

Question 52

before synthesis, all organelles are replicated. if one cell lacks one organelle, function of the cell is impaired.

Answer 52

g1 checkpoint

Question 53

before entering mitosis, dna must be copied and condensed into chromosome. proteins and enzymes must be replicated

Answer 53

g2 checkpoint

Question 54

ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers, they must be paired because if chromosomes fail to attach and are separated during anaphase, the chromosome in one cell is lacking, while the other has an extra.

Answer 54

M checkpoint

Question 55

this is a requirement in the start of human life is the ----?

Answer 55

gametes

Question 56

this is produced by females and usually only one is produced unless it is common in the family to produce twins.

Answer 56

egg

Question 57

where are eggs produced?

Answer 57

ovaries

Question 58

after oogenesis, how many egg cells are viable

Answer 58

only 1. there are 4 cells but only 1 is matured.

Question 59

this is produced by males and is produced in the testes.

Answer 59

sperm

Question 60

after spermatogenesis, how many sperm cells are viable?

Answer 60

4 sperm cells

Question 61

it is the process of sperm cell formation

Answer 61

spetogenesis

Question 62

this is the process of egg cell formation

Answer 62

oogenesis