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gen bio 2 - kco > ameliorate - cell rep and diff > Flashcards

ameliorate - cell rep and diff Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

these are composed of biomolecule protein and regulates cell division

A

enzymes

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2
Q

these types of organisms go through cell division for reproduction

A

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

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3
Q

these types of organisms go through cell division for growth and development

A

multicellular organisms

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4
Q

T OR F

The cells should be large enough and must have sufficient nutrients that satisfy the requirements of the corresponding stage in order to proceed to the next stage.

A

true

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5
Q

this is an active process that involves the central dogma.

A

interphase

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6
Q

these are defective cells that are incapable for nutrients and growth development.

A

apoptosis

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7
Q

where does apoptosis take place

A

g2 checkpoint

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8
Q

this part of interphase focuses on gene expression (transcription, translation) to provide more nutrients for the cell

A

g1 / first gap

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9
Q

the first gap or g1 takes how many hours to be completed?

A

5-6 hrs

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10
Q

it is a very active stage and the primary period of cell growth

A

g1

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11
Q

this checkpoint rechecks the sufficiency of the cell’s size, amount of nutrients, number of organelles, and the presence of growth factors.

A

g1 checkpoint

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12
Q

this part of interphase focuses on dna replication. only cells that are approved in the g1 checkpoint can proceed to this stage.

A

S (synthesis) phase

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13
Q

how long does the s phase take

A

10-12 hrs

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14
Q

this stage of interphase is where the cell is preparing for cell division.

A

g2

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15
Q

this rechecks the dna ensuring the cell’s proper base parinigs

A

g2 checkpoint

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16
Q

this is the location of the cell that does not proceed to the s stage because of insufficient nutrients or growth.

A

g0

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17
Q

it is a required protein/enzyme for cell regulation that signals a cell if they can proceed to the next stages of the cell cycle.

A

cyclin kinase

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18
Q

this signals wound healing for fibroblasts

A

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

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19
Q

it is a process that occurs when there is no more space for the cells to divide

A

density-dependent inhibition

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20
Q

this process generates new diploid cells (2N), two sets of chromosomes from parent cells in 2x23=46, where N represents the number of chromosomes per set

A

mitosis

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21
Q

this is a process for asexual reproduction

A

mitosis

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22
Q

during this process, daughter cells offspring are genetically identical to the parent cell

A

mitosis

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23
Q

during this stage of MITOSIS, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

sister chromatids join at the centromere and the nucleoli and nuclear membrane starts to disappear

A

prophase

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24
Q

when does the mitotic spindle form? (mitosis)

A

prophase

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25
Q

T OR F

centrosomes migrate to cell poled in both animal and human cells

A

false, only animals

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26
Q

T OR F

metabolic activity decreases during metaphase (mitosis)

A

false, during prophase

27
Q

in this stage of mitosis, the kinetochores start to attach to the chromatids and some microtubules attach to the kinetochores.

A

prometaphase

28
Q

in this stage of mitosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes are at the metaphase plate.

A

metaphase

29
Q

this determines if the kinetochores are properly attached during metaphase in mitosis

A

M checkpoint

30
Q

this is the shortest phase of mitosis.

A

anaphase

31
Q

phase in mitosis that is when the sister chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes are pulled toward poled by microtubules.

A

anaphase

32
Q

phase in mitosis that is also known as the reverse of prophase

A

telophase

33
Q

the daughter nuclei forms and the mitotic spindle disintegrates in this phase of mitosis

A

telophase

34
Q

in mitosis, when do the chromosomes start to uncoil and revert to chromatin?

A

telophase

35
Q

this is the contraction of the cleavage furrow and the cytoplasm division

A

cytokinesis

36
Q

this process generates haploid cells (1N) one set of chromosomes per cell only 1x23=23

A

meiosis

37
Q

this process involves sex cells and the daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells

A

meiosis

38
Q

process that goes from 1 diploid cell to 2 haploid cells

A

meiosis 1

39
Q

process that goes from 2 haploid cell to 4 haploid cells

A

meiosis 2

40
Q

this is a combination of the paternal and maternal chromosomes

A

recombinant chromosomes

41
Q

in this phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs

A

prophase 1

42
Q

this is a zipper like structure that holds one homolog to another

A

synaptonemal complex

43
Q

this is the pairing up association of non sister chromatid segments

A

synapsis

44
Q

it is the point of crossing over

A

chiasmata

45
Q

this holds sister chromatids together

A

cohesins

46
Q

these are the products of crossing over

A

recombinant chromosomes

46
Q

in this phase of meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

A

metaphase 1

47
Q

in this phase of meiosis, homologs separate but sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere.

A

anaphase 1

47
Q

in this stage of meiosis, sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.

A

prophase 2

48
Q

in this phase of meiosis, cytokinesis occurs simultaneously with this

A

telophase 1

49
Q

in this phase of meiosis, the chromosomes align in the middle (ONLY ONE LINE)

A

metaphase 2

50
Q

In this stage of meiosis, the chromosomes separate into sister chromatids

A

anaphase 2

51
Q

in this phase of meiosis, the cell organelles and chromosomes move to opposite poles, it is similar with the process in mitosis

A

telophase 2

52
Q

before synthesis, all organelles are replicated. if one cell lacks one organelle, function of the cell is impaired.

A

g1 checkpoint

53
Q

before entering mitosis, dna must be copied and condensed into chromosome. proteins and enzymes must be replicated

A

g2 checkpoint

54
Q

ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers, they must be paired because if chromosomes fail to attach and are separated during anaphase, the chromosome in one cell is lacking, while the other has an extra.

A

M checkpoint

55
Q

this is a requirement in the start of human life is the —-?

A

gametes

56
Q

this is produced by females and usually only one is produced unless it is common in the family to produce twins.

A

egg

57
Q

where are eggs produced?

A

ovaries

58
Q

after oogenesis, how many egg cells are viable

A

only 1. there are 4 cells but only 1 is matured.

59
Q

this is produced by males and is produced in the testes.

A

sperm

60
Q

after spermatogenesis, how many sperm cells are viable?

A

4 sperm cells

61
Q

it is the process of sperm cell formation

A

spetogenesis

62
Q

this is the process of egg cell formation

A

oogenesis

gen bio 2 - kco (21 decks)

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