ameliorate - cell rep and diff Flashcards
these are composed of biomolecule protein and regulates cell division
enzymes
these types of organisms go through cell division for reproduction
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
these types of organisms go through cell division for growth and development
multicellular organisms
T OR F
The cells should be large enough and must have sufficient nutrients that satisfy the requirements of the corresponding stage in order to proceed to the next stage.
true
this is an active process that involves the central dogma.
interphase
these are defective cells that are incapable for nutrients and growth development.
apoptosis
where does apoptosis take place
g2 checkpoint
this part of interphase focuses on gene expression (transcription, translation) to provide more nutrients for the cell
g1 / first gap
the first gap or g1 takes how many hours to be completed?
5-6 hrs
it is a very active stage and the primary period of cell growth
g1
this checkpoint rechecks the sufficiency of the cell’s size, amount of nutrients, number of organelles, and the presence of growth factors.
g1 checkpoint
this part of interphase focuses on dna replication. only cells that are approved in the g1 checkpoint can proceed to this stage.
S (synthesis) phase
how long does the s phase take
10-12 hrs
this stage of interphase is where the cell is preparing for cell division.
g2
this rechecks the dna ensuring the cell’s proper base parinigs
g2 checkpoint
this is the location of the cell that does not proceed to the s stage because of insufficient nutrients or growth.
g0
it is a required protein/enzyme for cell regulation that signals a cell if they can proceed to the next stages of the cell cycle.
cyclin kinase
this signals wound healing for fibroblasts
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
it is a process that occurs when there is no more space for the cells to divide
density-dependent inhibition
this process generates new diploid cells (2N), two sets of chromosomes from parent cells in 2x23=46, where N represents the number of chromosomes per set
mitosis
this is a process for asexual reproduction
mitosis
during this process, daughter cells offspring are genetically identical to the parent cell
mitosis
during this stage of MITOSIS, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
sister chromatids join at the centromere and the nucleoli and nuclear membrane starts to disappear
prophase
when does the mitotic spindle form? (mitosis)
prophase
T OR F
centrosomes migrate to cell poled in both animal and human cells
false, only animals
T OR F
metabolic activity decreases during metaphase (mitosis)
false, during prophase
in this stage of mitosis, the kinetochores start to attach to the chromatids and some microtubules attach to the kinetochores.
prometaphase
in this stage of mitosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes are at the metaphase plate.
metaphase
this determines if the kinetochores are properly attached during metaphase in mitosis
M checkpoint
this is the shortest phase of mitosis.
anaphase
phase in mitosis that is when the sister chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes are pulled toward poled by microtubules.
anaphase
phase in mitosis that is also known as the reverse of prophase
telophase
the daughter nuclei forms and the mitotic spindle disintegrates in this phase of mitosis
telophase
in mitosis, when do the chromosomes start to uncoil and revert to chromatin?
telophase
this is the contraction of the cleavage furrow and the cytoplasm division
cytokinesis
this process generates haploid cells (1N) one set of chromosomes per cell only 1x23=23
meiosis
this process involves sex cells and the daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells
meiosis
process that goes from 1 diploid cell to 2 haploid cells
meiosis 1
process that goes from 2 haploid cell to 4 haploid cells
meiosis 2
this is a combination of the paternal and maternal chromosomes
recombinant chromosomes
in this phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs
prophase 1
this is a zipper like structure that holds one homolog to another
synaptonemal complex
this is the pairing up association of non sister chromatid segments
synapsis
it is the point of crossing over
chiasmata
this holds sister chromatids together
cohesins
these are the products of crossing over
recombinant chromosomes
in this phase of meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
metaphase 1
in this phase of meiosis, homologs separate but sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere.
anaphase 1
in this stage of meiosis, sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.
prophase 2
in this phase of meiosis, cytokinesis occurs simultaneously with this
telophase 1
in this phase of meiosis, the chromosomes align in the middle (ONLY ONE LINE)
metaphase 2
In this stage of meiosis, the chromosomes separate into sister chromatids
anaphase 2
in this phase of meiosis, the cell organelles and chromosomes move to opposite poles, it is similar with the process in mitosis
telophase 2
before synthesis, all organelles are replicated. if one cell lacks one organelle, function of the cell is impaired.
g1 checkpoint
before entering mitosis, dna must be copied and condensed into chromosome. proteins and enzymes must be replicated
g2 checkpoint
ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers, they must be paired because if chromosomes fail to attach and are separated during anaphase, the chromosome in one cell is lacking, while the other has an extra.
M checkpoint
this is a requirement in the start of human life is the —-?
gametes
this is produced by females and usually only one is produced unless it is common in the family to produce twins.
egg
where are eggs produced?
ovaries
after oogenesis, how many egg cells are viable
only 1. there are 4 cells but only 1 is matured.
this is produced by males and is produced in the testes.
sperm
after spermatogenesis, how many sperm cells are viable?
4 sperm cells
it is the process of sperm cell formation
spetogenesis
this is the process of egg cell formation
oogenesis
