Livestock Urinary

Question 1

Normal structure in male ruminants, swine and camelids - an out-pocketing of urethral lumen located at level of ischium

issues placing ucaths

Answer 1

urethral recess “diverticulum”

Question 2

sigmoid in flexure in male ruminants, swine and camelids is the most common site of urethral obstruction in which species

Answer 2

cattle

Question 3

most common site of urethral obstruction in small ruminants

Answer 3

urethral process “pizzle”

Question 4

what is the causative agent of pizzle rot (ulcerative posthitis)

Answer 4

Corynebacterium renale

Question 5

Describe the role of dietary crude protein, urea, and ammonia in the pathogenesis of ulcerative posthitis.

Answer 5

high protein diets (alfalfa) = high urea in urine
C. renale hydrolyzes urea into ammonia leading to chemical dermatitis

Question 6

what are the risk factors for urolithiasis in livestock

what is NOT a risk factor

Answer 6

males
pygmy goats
dietary minerals imbalanced (Ca, Mg, P)
water intake
castration

NOT UTI

Question 7

what stone?
Feedlot calves and lambs on high-grain diet (high P, low Ca) or pet goats on inappropriate diet

Answer 7

phosphatic calculi (struvite)

Question 8

what stone?
Rangeland grasslands with high silica content esp with water deprivation

Answer 8

silicate calculi

Question 9

what stone?
High Ca diets such as clover and alfalfa hay or pastures and when commercial diets for lactating animals and used in non-lactating animals

Answer 9

calcium carbonate

Question 10

what stone?
High Ca diets but additional risk if ingestion of oxalate-containing plants like rhubarb, peanuts, pigweed and lamb quarters or over supplementation with ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Answer 10

calcium oxalate

Question 11

which clinical syndrome?
anuria, stranguria, dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, colic, mild bloat, ileus, distended/painful bladder, tachycardia

Answer 11

acute urethral obstruction

Question 12

which clinical syndrome?
pitting edema along prepuce, inguinal tissue and within ventral abdominal wall, warm painful tissues first then cool/non-painful, dehydrated, ammonia odor to breath
empty bladder on palpation/US

Answer 12

urethral rupture

Question 13

which clinical syndrome?
profound dehydration, pear-shaped abdominal distension, fluid wave, ammonia odor in breath, bladder is deflated/small

Answer 13

bladder rupture

Question 14

which clinical syndrome?
hydronephrosis, severe aztoemia, renal failure

Answer 14

partial (chronic) urethral obstruction “dribblers”

Question 15

clinpath findings of a ruminant with uroperitoneum secondary to ruptured bladder

Answer 15

creatinine in fluid 2x > serum
hyponatremia
hypochloremia
hyperkalemia
severe azotemia

Question 16

PE and clinpath findings of cystitis

Answer 16

pollakiuria
dysuria
no fever
no CBC changes
inflam urine sediment

Question 17

PE and clinpath findings for pyelonephritis

Answer 17

pollakiuria
dysuria
colic
fever
CBC inflam leukogram +/- hyperfibrinoginemia
casts of protein & WBC

Question 18

which is the host-adapated serovars of lepto and what does it cause

Answer 18

L. hardjo
no acute signs and chronic interstitial nephritis/renal dysfunction rarely results
life-long shedding
repro effects predominate - abortion, stillbirths, weak calves

Question 19

what are the non-host adapted serovars of lepto and what do they cause?

Answer 19

L. pomona & grippotyphosa
short term shedding
overtly ill - fever, lethargy, acute severe interstitial nephritis, intravascular hemolysis, agalactia/mastitis “milk drop syndrome/flabby udder”, abortion