Equine Repro Flashcards
what are the criteria to induce ovulation in the horse
35 mm follicle
uterine edema
relax uterus tone
open cervix
estrous behavior
what can you give a mare to induce ovulation
hCG (LH like activity)
GnRH (LH & FSH)
when do mares ovulate after induction
1.5-2 days after induction
if you want to short cycle a mare what drug do you use
prostaglandins (PGF2alpha)
when is a CL susceptible to luteolysis via prostaglandins
5 days after ovulation
how does artificial light affect the stallion
alters timing of peak sperm - increased daily sperm production earlier
how to assess fertility in stallion
BSE
scrotal width is correlated with potential sperm output
what are the semen types and how do they impact timing of insemination
fresh - 2 days (best fertility)
cooled - 1 days
frozen - 12 hours (variable)
after ovulation how long will the equine oocyte remain viable
12 hours
sequelae of late fertilization
no pregnancy
embryo death
delayed development
when does the embryo enter the uterus in the mare
5-6 days after ovulation
mare maternal recognition of pregnancy
occurs day 12-14
embryo moves all around uterus to prevent release of prostaglandins and luteal regression
when does the embryo become fixed in the mares uterus at the base of uterine horn (but not adhered)
what do you see on US
day 17-19
seen on US with dorsal uterine hypertrophy
when is the embryo proper imaged
day 25-30
what does the chorionic girdle produce
eCG (PMSG)
when do endometrial cups form and when do they disappear?
day 35
day 120
best test for pregnancy diagnosis in the mare?
estrone sulfate (increase on day 45)
E produced by fetoplacental unit
why are twins undesirable in the mare? what is the most effective option?
insufficient uterine capacity
manual reduction at day 12-15
supplements for pregnant mare to support pregnancy
progesterone
altrenogest (progestin)
diagnosis of pregnancy loss
return to estrus
palpation or US
no foal
what is a trophoblastic vesciel
sign of embryo insult
no inner cell mass
retained CL
can maintain for 20-40 days
mare gestation
340 days
signs of foaling
mammary gland development
dropped abdomen
ventral edema
perineal relaxation
teat engorgement
mammary electrolytes
(waxing teats + elongation of vulva)
stages of labor
I - rupture of chorioallantoic membrane + uterine contractions
II - expulsion of fetus
III - expulsion of placenta
describe premature placental separation
red bag
chorionallantoic membrane fails to rupture and placenta separates from endometrium
foal risk of hypoxia
what is the most common early postpartum problem
retained placenta (> 3 hours)
full or tip of nonpregnant horn
sequelae of retained placenta
metritis
endotoxemia, sepsis
laminitis
treatment of retained placenta
oxytocin
lavage
infusion
abx
NSAIDs
problems with breeding postpartum mare
short interval to ovulation
need at least 9 days to ovulation after foaling
confirm no discharge or signs of uterine fluid
signs of anovulatory follicle on US
spots, strands, shape
how to not confuse a cyst with embryo
cyst will not change location, size or have a heartbeat
sequelae of pneumouterus/pneumovagina
prevent pregnancy
infection
how to diagnose endometritis
failure to conceive
early return to estrus
vaginal discharge
fluid uterus lumen
culture
cytology
how to treat endometritis
treat predisposing problem
prostaglandins
ecbolics (oxytocin or prostaglandins)
lavage
Abx
what abx for endometritis
ampicillin
ceftiofur
gentocin
ticarcillin
why not use gentamicin or baytril for endometritis?
gentamicin needs bicarb
baytril - hemorrhagic endometritis
what is unique about a mare with pyometra
not systemically ill
treatment of urine pooling
time, weight and exercise
NOT CASLICK Sx
components of routine castration
both testes present
dont remove one testis
remove smaller testis first
what is the difference between an open and closed castration
does not depend on skin closure
based upon incising or not incising the common vaginal tunic
would you do an open or closed castration in a young/small horse up to 3 yrs old
closed
single emasculation is more secure crushing on small testes
would you do an open or closed castration in an older horse with larger testes and spermatic cords
open
need more secure crushing - double emasculate ‘nut to nut’
common castration complications
which do you refer?
hemorrhage (refer if too much)
excessive swelling
infection
eventration (refer)
diagnosis of cryptorchid castration
history
palpation
US
hcG stimulation
diagnostics for unknown castration history
stallion like behavior
palpation
US
testosterone and/or hCG stimulation
do NOT rely on cx incisions
indications for caslick procedure in the mare
older mare
multiple pregnancies
loss of condition
perineal lacerations
what makes the vulva abnormal in need for a caslick procedure
< 80% from vertical
> 50% vulva above ischial arch
how far due you suture for a caslick
down to level of tuber ischii
what suture type and pattern for a caslick
simple continuous
absorbable or non-absorbable
cutting needle
