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VM749 Clin Sci III > Equine Repro > Flashcards

Equine Repro Flashcards

1
Q

what are the criteria to induce ovulation in the horse

A

35 mm follicle
uterine edema
relax uterus tone
open cervix
estrous behavior

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2
Q

what can you give a mare to induce ovulation

A

hCG (LH like activity)
GnRH (LH & FSH)

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3
Q

when do mares ovulate after induction

A

1.5-2 days after induction

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4
Q

if you want to short cycle a mare what drug do you use

A

prostaglandins (PGF2alpha)

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5
Q

when is a CL susceptible to luteolysis via prostaglandins

A

5 days after ovulation

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6
Q

how does artificial light affect the stallion

A

alters timing of peak sperm - increased daily sperm production earlier

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7
Q

how to assess fertility in stallion

A

BSE
scrotal width is correlated with potential sperm output

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8
Q

what are the semen types and how do they impact timing of insemination

A

fresh - 2 days (best fertility)
cooled - 1 days
frozen - 12 hours (variable)

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9
Q

after ovulation how long will the equine oocyte remain viable

A

12 hours

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10
Q

sequelae of late fertilization

A

no pregnancy
embryo death
delayed development

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11
Q

when does the embryo enter the uterus in the mare

A

5-6 days after ovulation

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12
Q

mare maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

occurs day 12-14
embryo moves all around uterus to prevent release of prostaglandins and luteal regression

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13
Q

when does the embryo become fixed in the mares uterus at the base of uterine horn (but not adhered)

what do you see on US

A

day 17-19

seen on US with dorsal uterine hypertrophy

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14
Q

when is the embryo proper imaged

A

day 25-30

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15
Q

what does the chorionic girdle produce

A

eCG (PMSG)

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16
Q

when do endometrial cups form and when do they disappear?

A

day 35
day 120

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17
Q

best test for pregnancy diagnosis in the mare?

A

estrone sulfate (increase on day 45)

E produced by fetoplacental unit

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18
Q

why are twins undesirable in the mare? what is the most effective option?

A

insufficient uterine capacity

manual reduction at day 12-15

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19
Q

supplements for pregnant mare to support pregnancy

A

progesterone
altrenogest (progestin)

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20
Q

diagnosis of pregnancy loss

A

return to estrus
palpation or US
no foal

21
Q

what is a trophoblastic vesciel

A

sign of embryo insult
no inner cell mass
retained CL
can maintain for 20-40 days

22
Q

mare gestation

A

340 days

23
Q

signs of foaling

A

mammary gland development
dropped abdomen
ventral edema
perineal relaxation
teat engorgement
mammary electrolytes

(waxing teats + elongation of vulva)

24
Q

stages of labor

A

I - rupture of chorioallantoic membrane + uterine contractions
II - expulsion of fetus
III - expulsion of placenta

25
Q

describe premature placental separation

A

red bag
chorionallantoic membrane fails to rupture and placenta separates from endometrium
foal risk of hypoxia

26
Q

what is the most common early postpartum problem

A

retained placenta (> 3 hours)
full or tip of nonpregnant horn

27
Q

sequelae of retained placenta

A

metritis
endotoxemia, sepsis
laminitis

28
Q

treatment of retained placenta

A

oxytocin
lavage
infusion
abx
NSAIDs

29
Q

problems with breeding postpartum mare

A

short interval to ovulation
need at least 9 days to ovulation after foaling
confirm no discharge or signs of uterine fluid

30
Q

signs of anovulatory follicle on US

A

spots, strands, shape

31
Q

how to not confuse a cyst with embryo

A

cyst will not change location, size or have a heartbeat

32
Q

sequelae of pneumouterus/pneumovagina

A

prevent pregnancy
infection

33
Q

how to diagnose endometritis

A

failure to conceive
early return to estrus
vaginal discharge
fluid uterus lumen
culture
cytology

34
Q

how to treat endometritis

A

treat predisposing problem
prostaglandins
ecbolics (oxytocin or prostaglandins)
lavage
Abx

35
Q

what abx for endometritis

A

ampicillin
ceftiofur
gentocin
ticarcillin

36
Q

why not use gentamicin or baytril for endometritis?

A

gentamicin needs bicarb
baytril - hemorrhagic endometritis

37
Q

what is unique about a mare with pyometra

A

not systemically ill

38
Q

treatment of urine pooling

A

time, weight and exercise
NOT CASLICK Sx

39
Q

components of routine castration

A

both testes present
dont remove one testis
remove smaller testis first

40
Q

what is the difference between an open and closed castration

A

does not depend on skin closure
based upon incising or not incising the common vaginal tunic

41
Q

would you do an open or closed castration in a young/small horse up to 3 yrs old

A

closed
single emasculation is more secure crushing on small testes

42
Q

would you do an open or closed castration in an older horse with larger testes and spermatic cords

A

open
need more secure crushing - double emasculate ‘nut to nut’

43
Q

common castration complications

which do you refer?

A

hemorrhage (refer if too much)
excessive swelling
infection
eventration (refer)

44
Q

diagnosis of cryptorchid castration

A

history
palpation
US
hcG stimulation

45
Q

diagnostics for unknown castration history

A

stallion like behavior
palpation
US
testosterone and/or hCG stimulation
do NOT rely on cx incisions

46
Q

indications for caslick procedure in the mare

A

older mare
multiple pregnancies
loss of condition
perineal lacerations

47
Q

what makes the vulva abnormal in need for a caslick procedure

A

< 80% from vertical
> 50% vulva above ischial arch

48
Q

how far due you suture for a caslick

A

down to level of tuber ischii

49
Q

what suture type and pattern for a caslick

A

simple continuous
absorbable or non-absorbable
cutting needle

VM749 Clin Sci III (15 decks)

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