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VM749 Clin Sci III > EQ Hoof Care, Conditions, OA & DOD > Flashcards

EQ Hoof Care, Conditions, OA & DOD Flashcards

1
Q

how many layers of the hoof?

A

3 - stratum externum, medium, internum

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2
Q

which layer is the sensitive laminae

A

corial

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3
Q

how much does a hoof grow per month in equine? what affects their growth?

A

8-10 mm

colder and dry environments and diet

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4
Q

what does a transverse line show?

A

that their was an insult to the hoof (fever, nutrition, etc.), can use for timeline

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5
Q

5 normal forces of the hoof

A
  1. tension toward wall laminae
  2. tension from ddft
  3. downward compression from P2
  4. upward compression from sole
  5. extensor tendon
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5
Q

predisposing conditions of laminitis in equine

A
  1. endotoxemia
  2. Cushing Disease (PPID) or Metabolic Syndrome
  3. Fracture/Septic synovial structure
  4. traumatic/mechanical
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6
Q

components of suspension system

A

DDFT
laminae

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6
Q

when might a horse may or may not need shoes?

A

if the foot wears faster than it grows

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6
Q

hoof structures that are weight bearing

A

sole
frog

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6
Q

components of support system

A

sole
digital cushion
wall

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7
Q

how often does a horse need routine hoof maintenance?

A

6-8 weeks

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8
Q

pathogenesis of equine laminitis

A

lack of glucose = inflam response = release of MMP = breakdown of basement membrane

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9
Q

laminitis signs of inflammation

A

heat
increased digital pulses
positive hoof testers at toe

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10
Q

which stage of laminitis?
at risk
no lameness or clinical signs

A

developmental

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11
Q

which stage of laminitis?
lameness, clinical signs
active separation of dermis from epidermis

A

acute

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12
Q

which stage of laminitis?
displacement of distal phalanx
abscesses, abnormal hoof growth

A

chronic

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13
Q

developmental laminitis stage treatment?

A

cryotherapy!
prevention
treat systemic disease
anti-endotoxin serum or plasma, anti-inflam, mineral oil/activated charcoal
sole support

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14
Q

acute laminitis stage treatment?

A

pain management (bute, DMSO, opioids, ice)
increase perfusion (pentoxifylline, isoxsuprine, heel elevation)
treat wind up (GABA, acupuncture, chiropractic)
sole support

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15
Q

chronic laminitis stage treatment?

A

decrease tension of ddft
realign hoof-pastern axis
treat systemic disease

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16
Q

disease?
bilateral forelimb lamness in a middle age horse
horse has a history of intermittent shifting leg lameness and short shuffling gait
“point” most severely affected limb or alternatively point limbs
“camped out in front” stance
often land on toe or flatly on foot
stumble at walk or trot

A

navicular syndrome

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17
Q

navicular syndrome hoof tester findings

A

pain at center of frog and across the heels

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18
Q

how to diagnose navicular syndrome

A

clinical exam
history, gait, hoof tester response
lameness exacerbated when 3/4” board placed under toe
PD nerve block (best)

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19
Q

navicular syndrome treatment

A

stall rest
non-steroidal therapy
trim - correct hoof pastern axis and balance foot + increase angle of foot by raising the heel or shortening the toe

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20
Q

for navicular syndrome, what should be done before other therapy?

A

corrective trimming or shoeing

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21
Q

medical treatment for navicular syndrome

A

NSAIDs
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
injections of triamcinolone +/- sodium hyaluronate or IRAP in DIPJ & navicular bursa
bisphosphates

22
Q

side effects of bisphosphonates

A

renal disease
colic

23
Q

subsolar abscesses are common when? cause what?

A

rain
poor husbandry

“fracture lame”

24
Q

disease?
single limb, mild-severe lameness, bounding digital pulses, hoof tester sensitivity and drainage at the coronary band

A

subsolar abscess

25
Q

subsolar abscess treatment

A

ventral drainage
hyperosmotic (MgSO4/salt) soak
NO betadine
bandage
tetanus toxoid
exercise

26
Q

main proteoglycan that gives cartilage its ability to withstand compressive loads

A

aggrecans

27
Q

systemic therapies for equine osteoarthritis

A

NSAIDs
adequan
oral, slow acting agents (cosequin)

28
Q

MOA of phenylbutazone and banamine

A

COX 1 & 2 inhibitors
= potential for more side effects

29
Q

MOA of equinox

A

COX-1 sparing

30
Q

MOA of adequan

A

increase synthesis of proteoglycans and collagen by chondrocytes
inhibits MMPs, cathepsins, other degradative enzymes

31
Q

intra-articular therapies for equine osteoarthritis

A

corticosteroids
hyaluronan
biological therapies

32
Q

how much triamcinolone acetonide (vetalog) do you want to put into each joint

A

4mg each
18mg total

33
Q

what drug do you not want to put into high motion joints or joints with healthy cartilage

A

methylprednisolone acetate (depomedrol)

34
Q

difference between joint flare and joint infection

A

joint flare - 8-24 hr post injection, heat, pain, swelling, lameness
joint infection - signs not obvious immediately

35
Q

high dose or low dose corticosteroids for chondroprotective properties?

A

low dose

36
Q

when selecting a sodium hyaluronan, what daltons do you want?

A

> 500,000 daltons

37
Q

what topical is available for equine osteoarthritis

A

liposomal NSAID cream (surpass - 1% diclofenac sodium)

38
Q

which DOD if physis matures too rapidly

A

contracted tendons

39
Q

which DOD if physis becomes inflamed

A

physitis

40
Q

which DOD if physis has abnormal mechanical pressure

A

ALD

41
Q

which DOD if epiphysis has abnormal ossification

A

OCD

42
Q

most common location of osteochondrosis lesion in the stifle

A

lateral trochlear ridge of femur

43
Q

most common location of subchondral bone cyst in the stifle

A

medial femoral condyle

44
Q

most common location of osteochondrosis lesion in the tarsus/hock

A

DIRT (distal intermediate ridge of the tibia) followed by lateral trochlear ridge of talus

45
Q

osteochondrosis treatment

A

prevention - nutrition evaluation
conservative - rest, re-radiograph
surgical - arthroscopy (debride, inject, pin lesion)

46
Q

subchondral bone cyst in the stifle treatment

A

screws

47
Q

treatment for physitis

A

assess/change diet
rest/limit exercise

48
Q

when do flexural deformities occur in the DIP joint

A

birth - 4 months

49
Q

when do flexural deformities occur in the MCP joint

A

yearlings

50
Q

most common cause of flexural deformities in newborn foals

A

intrauterine positioning

51
Q

treatment of flexural deformities

A

nutrition, control growth rate
pain control - NSAIDs
oxytetracycline + splinting
surgical intervention if >180 degrees

52
Q

diagnosis of ALD

A

radiographs
angulation > 4 degrees

53
Q

ALD treatment

A

exercise restriction/stall rest
correct trimming +/- shoeing
minimize abnormal biomechanical forces
re-evaluate in 2-3 weeks

54
Q

if you want to do surgical treatment for ALD when must you do it

A

before physis is closed

55
Q

when does distal radius/tibia physis close?

A

within 4-6 months

56
Q

when does distal metacarpus/metatarsus physis close?

A

within 3-4 weeks

57
Q

what is the MOST diagnostic test for navicular disease?

A

PD nerve block

VM749 Clin Sci III (15 decks)

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