EQ Hoof Care, Conditions, OA & DOD Flashcards
how many layers of the hoof?
3 - stratum externum, medium, internum
which layer is the sensitive laminae
corial
how much does a hoof grow per month in equine? what affects their growth?
8-10 mm
colder and dry environments and diet
what does a transverse line show?
that their was an insult to the hoof (fever, nutrition, etc.), can use for timeline
5 normal forces of the hoof
- tension toward wall laminae
- tension from ddft
- downward compression from P2
- upward compression from sole
- extensor tendon
predisposing conditions of laminitis in equine
- endotoxemia
- Cushing Disease (PPID) or Metabolic Syndrome
- Fracture/Septic synovial structure
- traumatic/mechanical
components of suspension system
DDFT
laminae
when might a horse may or may not need shoes?
if the foot wears faster than it grows
hoof structures that are weight bearing
sole
frog
components of support system
sole
digital cushion
wall
how often does a horse need routine hoof maintenance?
6-8 weeks
pathogenesis of equine laminitis
lack of glucose = inflam response = release of MMP = breakdown of basement membrane
laminitis signs of inflammation
heat
increased digital pulses
positive hoof testers at toe
which stage of laminitis?
at risk
no lameness or clinical signs
developmental
which stage of laminitis?
lameness, clinical signs
active separation of dermis from epidermis
acute
which stage of laminitis?
displacement of distal phalanx
abscesses, abnormal hoof growth
chronic
developmental laminitis stage treatment?
cryotherapy!
prevention
treat systemic disease
anti-endotoxin serum or plasma, anti-inflam, mineral oil/activated charcoal
sole support
acute laminitis stage treatment?
pain management (bute, DMSO, opioids, ice)
increase perfusion (pentoxifylline, isoxsuprine, heel elevation)
treat wind up (GABA, acupuncture, chiropractic)
sole support
chronic laminitis stage treatment?
decrease tension of ddft
realign hoof-pastern axis
treat systemic disease
disease?
bilateral forelimb lamness in a middle age horse
horse has a history of intermittent shifting leg lameness and short shuffling gait
“point” most severely affected limb or alternatively point limbs
“camped out in front” stance
often land on toe or flatly on foot
stumble at walk or trot
navicular syndrome
navicular syndrome hoof tester findings
pain at center of frog and across the heels
how to diagnose navicular syndrome
clinical exam
history, gait, hoof tester response
lameness exacerbated when 3/4” board placed under toe
PD nerve block (best)
navicular syndrome treatment
stall rest
non-steroidal therapy
trim - correct hoof pastern axis and balance foot + increase angle of foot by raising the heel or shortening the toe
for navicular syndrome, what should be done before other therapy?
corrective trimming or shoeing
medical treatment for navicular syndrome
NSAIDs
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
injections of triamcinolone +/- sodium hyaluronate or IRAP in DIPJ & navicular bursa
bisphosphates
side effects of bisphosphonates
renal disease
colic
subsolar abscesses are common when? cause what?
rain
poor husbandry
“fracture lame”
disease?
single limb, mild-severe lameness, bounding digital pulses, hoof tester sensitivity and drainage at the coronary band
subsolar abscess
subsolar abscess treatment
ventral drainage
hyperosmotic (MgSO4/salt) soak
NO betadine
bandage
tetanus toxoid
exercise
main proteoglycan that gives cartilage its ability to withstand compressive loads
aggrecans
systemic therapies for equine osteoarthritis
NSAIDs
adequan
oral, slow acting agents (cosequin)
MOA of phenylbutazone and banamine
COX 1 & 2 inhibitors
= potential for more side effects
MOA of equinox
COX-1 sparing
MOA of adequan
increase synthesis of proteoglycans and collagen by chondrocytes
inhibits MMPs, cathepsins, other degradative enzymes
intra-articular therapies for equine osteoarthritis
corticosteroids
hyaluronan
biological therapies
how much triamcinolone acetonide (vetalog) do you want to put into each joint
4mg each
18mg total
what drug do you not want to put into high motion joints or joints with healthy cartilage
methylprednisolone acetate (depomedrol)
difference between joint flare and joint infection
joint flare - 8-24 hr post injection, heat, pain, swelling, lameness
joint infection - signs not obvious immediately
high dose or low dose corticosteroids for chondroprotective properties?
low dose
when selecting a sodium hyaluronan, what daltons do you want?
> 500,000 daltons
what topical is available for equine osteoarthritis
liposomal NSAID cream (surpass - 1% diclofenac sodium)
which DOD if physis matures too rapidly
contracted tendons
which DOD if physis becomes inflamed
physitis
which DOD if physis has abnormal mechanical pressure
ALD
which DOD if epiphysis has abnormal ossification
OCD
most common location of osteochondrosis lesion in the stifle
lateral trochlear ridge of femur
most common location of subchondral bone cyst in the stifle
medial femoral condyle
most common location of osteochondrosis lesion in the tarsus/hock
DIRT (distal intermediate ridge of the tibia) followed by lateral trochlear ridge of talus
osteochondrosis treatment
prevention - nutrition evaluation
conservative - rest, re-radiograph
surgical - arthroscopy (debride, inject, pin lesion)
subchondral bone cyst in the stifle treatment
screws
treatment for physitis
assess/change diet
rest/limit exercise
when do flexural deformities occur in the DIP joint
birth - 4 months
when do flexural deformities occur in the MCP joint
yearlings
most common cause of flexural deformities in newborn foals
intrauterine positioning
treatment of flexural deformities
nutrition, control growth rate
pain control - NSAIDs
oxytetracycline + splinting
surgical intervention if >180 degrees
diagnosis of ALD
radiographs
angulation > 4 degrees
ALD treatment
exercise restriction/stall rest
correct trimming +/- shoeing
minimize abnormal biomechanical forces
re-evaluate in 2-3 weeks
if you want to do surgical treatment for ALD when must you do it
before physis is closed
when does distal radius/tibia physis close?
within 4-6 months
when does distal metacarpus/metatarsus physis close?
within 3-4 weeks
what is the MOST diagnostic test for navicular disease?
PD nerve block
