LIT 5 - Mumford Flashcards
What are the three major types of prominent, historically notable leadership? Mumford
Charismatic, ideological and pragmatic.
What is the key distinction between ideological and practical types of leaders? Mumford
They differ in the strategies they use to make sense of, and respond to, crises.
What strategy do pragmatic leaders employ? Mumford
Pragmatic leaders analyse and manipulate the critical causes of problems to find solutions.
How do charismatic leaders address crises? Mumford
Charismatic leaders offer a vision that anticipates a positive future to inspire collective action.
How do ideological leaders differ from charismatic leaders in their response to crises? Mumford
While both types of leaders articulate a vision, ideological leaders reference their vision against a shared, existing set of social values rather than future-oriented change.
What are some characteristics of ideological leaders that may make groups or organisations they lead prone to violence? Mumford
o Outcome Uncertainty and Negative Life Themes: Because they formulate visions by reflecting on failed models, they may exhibit negative life themes and outcome uncertainty.
o Denigration of Others: Their focus on shared, and presumably superior, values may lead them to denigrate those who reject these values.
o Moral Superiority: The values they advocate may foster a sense of moral superiority, which can justify violence.
o Perceptions of Injustice: A sense of superiority combined with a strong sense of injustice may lead them to use violence against those they perceive as unjust.
What type of violence are ideological leaders more likely to engage in? Mumford
Institutional violence, likely because their visions are formed in reaction to negative institutional models.
What factors at the group or organisational level may influence the type of violence associated with ideological leaders? Mumford
The cohesiveness and shared values of ideological groups and organisations may make them more prone to cultural violence against those who threaten their identity.
What individual characteristic predicts institutional violence in ideological leaders? Mumford
just-world commitments. Ideological leaders with a strong belief in justice may resort to violence against institutions they perceive as unjust.
How does value-based control contribute to violence in ideological organisations? Mumford
Value-based control relies on shared values as a directive mechanism. This can lead to violence through the denigration of those who hold different values.
What are sense-breaking and sense-making, and how do they contribute to cultural violence? Mumford
Sense-breaking involves dismantling existing values and beliefs, while sense-making promotes the adoption of new ideological values. When ideological leaders use these strategies to gain control, it can increase the risk of cultural violence.
What are some broader factors beyond individual leadership characteristics that contribute to violence? Mumford
o Group Insularity: Groups isolated from and hostile to the broader society.
o Institutional Sanctioning of Violence: Organisations that permit or encourage the use of violence.
o Corruption: A societal environment where dishonest or unethical behaviour is widespread.
How might the risk of violence be mitigated?
By promoting openness and fairness in institutions, reducing reliance on value-based control, ensuring clear communication, minimising group insularity, and addressing corruption.
