LIT 2 - Buford, England Hooliganism 1980's Flashcards
How does Buford challenge traditional theories on crowd behaviour?
The author criticizes common portrayals of crowds as inherently irrational, easily swayed, and driven by base instincts. He argues that these theories often lack nuance and fail to capture the complex motivations and experiences of individuals within a crowd.
What did buford find suprising about the composition of footbal crowds?
The author observed that these crowds were not solely composed of the stereotypical “hooligans” often depicted. He encountered individuals from various backgrounds, including skilled workers and professionals, challenging the assumption that crowd violence is limited to those from marginalised groups.
What factors do contribute to the allure of violence, according to Buford?
Beyond frustration and deprivation the author suggests that participation in violence provides a sense of belonging, identity, and purpose, particularly for those who feel anonymous or insignificant in their everyday lives. The intense camaraderie and shared purpose within the “firm” create a strong sense of community.
What role do rituals play in football violence, according to buford’s observations?
The author describes the orchestrated rituals and routines surrounding football violence, such as pre-match gatherings, coordinated movements, and specific chants. These rituals help forge a collective identity, fostering a sense of unity and anticipation leading up to a potential confrontation.
What is concept of the “threshold” in relation to crowd violence? Buford
The author uses the term “threshold” to describe the boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. He argues that crowd violence often follows a symbolic act of transgression, like property damage or confrontation with authorities. Crossing this threshold marks a shift where individuals feel less constrained by societal norms.
How does Buford describe the experience of being involved in crowd violence?
The author describes his own experience as a state of “nothingness,” marked by an adrenaline rush, exhilaration, and complete immersion in the present. This suggests a temporary suspension of self-awareness and rational thought, highlighting the intense and potentially addictive nature of the experience.
What is the significance of the Dawes Road incident? Buford
The Dawes Road incident reveals an unexpected level of planning and strategy involved in what is often assumed to be spontaneous violence. Sammy’s calculated route through the backstreets to outmanoeuvre the Chelsea supporters challenges the idea that crowd violence is always unplanned and chaotic.
