AI Flashcards Lecture 4

Question 1

Why do groups engage in violence?

Answer 1

Conflict arises between groups over resources and incompatible values.

Question 2

What are the two main types of threat in Intergroup Threat Theory?

Answer 2

Realistic and symbolic.

Question 3

What is an example of a realistic threat?

Answer 3

“Because of the presence of Muslims, unemployment in Norway will increase.”

Question 4

What is an example of a symbolic threat?

Answer 4

“Muslims are a threat to Norwegian culture.”

Question 5

What did Obaidi et al. (2018) find about the relationship between symbolic threat and anti-outgroup behaviour?

Answer 5

Symbolic threat predicted negative attitudes and behavioural intentions against outgroups, including joining anti-Islamic movements and willingness to persecute Muslims.

Question 6

According to Black (1976; 1983), what is the function of violence?

Answer 6

Violence can be a mechanism of control or ‘self-help.’

Question 7

What is a ‘moral community’ in the context of Crime as Social Control theory?

Answer 7

A group that uses violence to control inappropriate behaviour within its community.

Question 8

What is ‘conflict structure’?

Answer 8

Six dimensions of conflict that determine when violence is justified.

Question 9

What are the six dimensions of conflict in Black’s (1976; 1983) theory?

Answer 9

Relational distance, cultural distance, radial distance, normative distance, functional independence, and inequality.

Question 10

How does Senechal de la Roche (1996) apply Crime as Social Control theory to collective violence?

Answer 10

‘Conflict structure’ determines which conflicts lead to collective violence and the type of collective violence.

Question 11

What are the four dimensions of conflict in Senechal de la Roche’s (1996) application of Crime as Social Control Theory?

Answer 11

The sources do not explicitly list the four dimensions. They mention that there are four, while Black’s theory has six.

Question 12

What two additional factors predict the type of collective violence?

Answer 12

The degree of social polarization and the continuity of the deviant behaviour.

Question 13

What type of collective violence is associated with high polarisation?

Answer 13

Rioting and terrorism, as there are perceptions of collective liability.

Question 14

What type of collective violence is associated with low polarisation?

Answer 14

Lynching and vigilantism, as there are perceptions of individual liability.

Question 15

What characterises collective violence when the deviant behaviour is chronic?

Answer 15

The violence is highly organised, such as in vigilantism and terrorism.

Question 16

What characterises collective violence when the deviant behaviour is infrequent?

Answer 16

More informal violence typically arises, such as lynching and rioting.

Question 17

What is a key concept relating to the difficulty of violence?

Answer 17

Participation in collective violence requires overcoming considerable aversion or hesitance.

Question 18

According to Littman & Paluck (2015), what is a striking feature of collective violence?

Answer 18

Ordinary people without extreme predispositions toward violence participate in harming others on behalf of their group.

Question 19

What can help people overcome their aversion to violence?

Answer 19

Practice, prior experience with violence (e.g., witnessing domestic violence as a child), and self-medication with drugs and alcohol.

Question 20

What is a key concept relating to sociality?

Answer 20

People are ‘set up’ psychologically, emotionally, and neurologically for interactions with others.

Question 21

What is Social Identity Theory?

Answer 21

A theory that explains how group memberships contribute to social identity.

Question 22

What are the two components of social identity?

Answer 22

The content of the identity (who ‘we’ are) and the strength of identification.

Question 23

How does social identity connect individuals to their groups?

Answer 23

Psychologically, what happens to the group affects individuals personally, including conflict.

Question 24

What is a key concept relating to group membership?

Answer 24

Once people are part of groups, they start to function psychologically as a group member.

Question 25

What is de-individuation theory?

Answer 25

A theory that suggests acting in groups allows people to act out their violent tendencies because of the anonymity, diffusion of responsibility, and contagion of behaviour and ideas.

Question 26

What are some critiques of de-individuation theory?

Answer 26

The mechanism for its effects is unclear, research with different set-ups find different results, and the theory is considered old-fashioned in the context of collective violence.

Question 27

What is a key concept relating to modern explanations of collective violence?

Answer 27

There is no ‘natural’ tendency towards violence; instead, it arises from group processes.

Question 28

What are ‘group processes’?

Answer 28

Processes that occur at the group level and impact individual members, potentially leading to violence.

Question 29

What are the two stages/conditions of collective violence?

Answer 29

Intergroup conflict and hostility, followed by intragroup processes that justify and facilitate violence.