LIT 2 - Vecchio, Stages of Gang Membership Flashcards
What motivates young people to join gangs, especially in relation to violence? Vecchio
The sources highlight protection as a primary motivator. Young people who experience or witness violence, or feel threatened by it, see the gang as a source of safety and security. This perception of vulnerability, often stemming from experiences in their environment (like school), makes the protection offered by a gang seem like a vital reward.
How does social learning theory explain the continuation of gang membership, particularly in relation to violence? Vecchio
Social learning theory suggests that behaviours are learned and reinforced through interactions with others and the associated rewards and punishments. In the context of gangs, violence often serves as a reinforcement mechanism. For example, engaging in violent acts, especially those that uphold gang norms or demonstrate loyalty, can lead to increased status and respect within the gang. This positive reinforcement strengthens the individual’s commitment to the gang and normalises violence as an acceptable behaviour.
What are “definitions” in social learning theory, and how do they relate to violence in gangs? Vecchio
“Definitions” are cognitive cues or beliefs that individuals develop about acceptable behaviours in specific situations. In gangs, exposure to violence, whether direct or vicarious, contributes to the formation of definitions that favour the use of violence as a solution to conflicts or as a means of maintaining status. The gang environment provides a context where violence is not only condoned but often encouraged, shaping members’ understanding of what is expected and rewarded.
What is the concept of an “upper limit of violence,” and how does it relate to gang disengagement? Vecchio
The “upper limit of violence” refers to the point at which continued exposure to violence, both as perpetrator and victim, leads to fatigue, disillusionment, and a shift in perception. Initially, violence might be seen as a reward, but prolonged exposure can transform it into a punishment. This change in perception, where the risks and negative consequences of violence outweigh its perceived rewards, can motivate individuals to disengage from the gang.
How can seemingly minor forms of violence contribute to a young person’s decision to leave a gang? Vecchio
While sources often focus on severe violence as a turning point, the sources emphasize that even less intense forms of violence, like harassment, threats, or witnessing others being victimized, can contribute to a shift in perception. These experiences, especially when they accumulate over time, can chip away at the perceived benefits of gang membership and highlight the gang’s failure to provide consistent protection. They demonstrate that the promise of protection is often not fulfilled, and the risks of violence are ever-present.
How does Vecchio suggest that we can apply the understanding of violence and social learning theory to gang intervention and prevention programmes?
The sources recommend implementing prevention programmes early, even before middle school, to address risk factors and provide young people with alternative coping mechanisms and social support. They also suggest focusing interventions on shifting the balance of perceived rewards and punishments, highlighting the negative consequences of violence and offering alternative pathways to achieve status and belonging. Recognizing that even minor forms of violence can be turning points, interventions can be designed to capitalize on these moments to encourage disengagement.
