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Anatomy > Level 2 - Urinary System Part 1 > Flashcards

Level 2 - Urinary System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Process blood by shifting out waste product and extra water
  2. Form urine as a waste to be excreted
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2
Q

What are the accessory organs of the kidneys?

A

Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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3
Q

Regulates the content of blood to maintain “dynamic constancy” or homeostasis of the internal fluid environment within normal limits

A

Urinary system

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4
Q

What is the vertebral level of the kidneys?

A

T12-L3

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5
Q

T/F
It is possible to only see one kidney at level T12

A

True
Because the left kidney is higher

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6
Q

T/F
It is possible to only see one kidney at L3

A

True
Because the left is higher, only the right may be seen at L3

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7
Q

Concave notch on medial surface where vessels and tubes enter and exit kidney

A

Hilum

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8
Q

What vertebral level is the Hilum situated?

A

L1

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9
Q

What is the size of the kidney?

A

11cmx7cmx3cm

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10
Q

Which kidney is larger and situated higher?why?

A

Left kidney is larger and higher than right

Liver sits on top of right kidney

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11
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

In the retroperitoneal position, posterior to the parietal peritoneum (abdomen) against the posterior abdominal wall

*behind abdomen, beside L spine

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12
Q

T/F
The superior poles of the kidneys extend above the level of the 12th rib at the lower edge of the thoracic parietal pleura

A

True

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13
Q

What anchors and surrounds the kidneys?

A

Renal fasciae (connective tissue) anchors the kidneys to surrounding structures

Renal fat pads surround kidneys for heavy cushioning

The kidney is encased in a fibrous capsule

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14
Q

Outer region of the kidney, under the capsule

A

Renal cortex

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15
Q

Inner portion of the kidney that has renal pyramids

A

Medulla

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16
Q

Comprise much of medullary tissue, they are roughly triangular in shape with the larger end called the base and the papilla is at the tip of each pyramid
Facing the Hilum and releases urine through multiple ducts into the calyces

A

Renal pyramids

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17
Q

Cuplike structure at each renal papilla to collect urine; minor calyces join to form major calyces, which in turn form the renal pelvis

A

Calyx

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18
Q

Where cortical (cortex) tissue dips into the medulla between pyramids

A

Renal columns

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19
Q

What part of the renal pyramids point towards the Hilum?

A

Papilla (point)

Base is against cortex

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

T/F
Renal pelvis narrows as it exits the kidney to become the ureter; acts as a collection basin to drain urine from the kidney

A

True

22
Q

What happens when a kidney stone is stuck in the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis backs up and expands

23
Q

Large branch of abdominal aorta; brings blood into each kidney at the Hilum

A

Renal artery

24
Q

T/F
Kidneys are highly vascular

A

True

25
Q

What arteries arch over the base of the renal pyramids?

A

Arcuate arteries

26
Q

Tube running from each kidney to the urinary bladder; composed of 3 layers: mucous lining (transitional), muscular middle layer made of smooth muscle that propels urine by peristalsis, and a fibrous CT outer layer

A

Ureter

27
Q

Where do the ureters begin?

A

Renal pelvis in the Hilum area (L1)
*they are retroperitoneal

28
Q

Where do the ureters attach to the bladder?

A

Trigone floor (bottom of bladder)

29
Q

Why do the ureters run obliquely through the bladder wall for 2cm?

A

Helps the ureters act as valves when bladder is full to prevent back flow

30
Q

How many openings does the trigone floor have?

A

3
2 for ureters (posterior)
1 for urethra (anterior)

31
Q

Muscular, collapsible bag located behind the pubic symphysis for males and females
Made mostly of smooth muscle tissue called the detrusor muscle
Sits below parietal peritoneum, which covers only the superior surface and is retroperitoneal

A

Urinary bladder

32
Q

Where does the bladder sit in females?

A

Anterior to vagina and uterus

33
Q

Where does the bladder sit in males?

A

Superior to the prostate

34
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Reservoir for urine before it leaves that body
Aided by the urethra, it expels urine from the body

35
Q
A
36
Q

Small mucous membrane lined tube extending from the trigone to the exterior of the body, external urinary meatus

A

Urethra

37
Q

Where is the urethra located in females, and how long is it?

A

Lies posterior to the pubic symphysis and anterior to the vagina
Approx. 3cm long

38
Q

Where is the urethra located in males and how long is it?

A

Bladder -> prostate gland (joined by 2 ejaculatory ducts) -> base of penis -> center of penis -> ending at external urinary meatus
Approx. 20cm long

39
Q

What is different about the male urethra then the female urethra?

A

Male urethra is part of the urinary system as well as the reproductive system

40
Q

Mechanism for voiding bladder

A

Urination or micturition

41
Q

What happens as bladder volume increases?

A

Micturation contractions (of detrusor muscles) increase and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes involuntary
External urethral sphincter muscle contracts at first, then at appropriate time relaxes to release urine voluntary

42
Q

How much urine can the average bladder hold?

A

250ml

43
Q

Involuntary voiding

A

Incontinence

44
Q

The microscopic functional units, comprise the bulk of the kidney

A

Nephrons

45
Q

What is each nephron made up of?

A

Two regions (renal corpuscle and renal tubule) and connects to shared collecting duct

46
Q

Made up of the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus. It is where fluid is filtered out of blood

A

Renal corpuscle
*in cortex

47
Q

Made up of the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule

A

Renal tubule (in medulla)
*the filtrate will leave the renal corpuscle and flow through the renal tubule where much is then returned back to blood

48
Q

Will carry remaining filtrate to leave as urine

A

Collecting duct

49
Q

Cup shaped mouth of the nephron

A

Bowman capsule
*formed by 2 layers of epithelial cells
Space between them is called Bowman’s space

50
Q

Capillary network inside the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus

51
Q

T/F
The glomerulus is one of the most important capillary networks for survival

A

True

52
Q
A

Anatomy (16 decks)

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