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Anatomy > Level 2 - Skeletal Development 1 > Flashcards

Level 2 - Skeletal Development 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

-support
-protection
-movement
-mineral storage
-hematopoiesis

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2
Q

Blood cell formation is carried out by myeloid tissue (red bone marrow).
In adults the myeloid tissue is found in the epiphyses of certain long bone and in flat bones of the skull, pelvis, sternum, ribs

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

What are the 5 major types of structural bone?

A

Long bone (femur)
Short bone (carpal)
Flat bone (scapula)
Irregular bone (vertebrae)
Sesamoid bone (patella)

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4
Q

-Main long shaft of bone
-hollow, cylindrical shape and thick compact bone
-provides strong support without cumbersome weight

A

Diaphysis

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5
Q

-Both ends of a long bone, made of cancellous bone filled with marrow
-bulbous shaped
-provides attachments for muscles and gives stability to joints

A

Epiphyses

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6
Q

The zone of growth between the epiphysis and diaphysis during bone development

A

Metaphysis

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7
Q

Where bone grows

A

Epiphyseal line

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8
Q

Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of epiphyses
-functions to cushion jolts and blows

A

Articular cartilage

*Long bone

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9
Q

-dense white fibrous membrane that covers bone
-attached tendons firmly to bones
-contains cells that form and destroy bone
-contains blood vessels important in growth and repair
-contains blood vessels that send branches into bone
-essential for bone cell survival and bone formation

A

Periosteum (surrounds bone)

*long bone

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10
Q

-tubelike hollow space in the diaphysis
-filled with yellow marrow in adults
-filled with red marrow in kids

A

Medullary cavity (marrow)

*long bone

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11
Q

Thin, fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity of long bones. Also lines the space of spongy bone

A

Endosteum

*long bone

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12
Q

Cranial flat bones have an internal and external table of compact bone and an inner cancellous region called the:

A

Diploë (spongy bone in flat bones)

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13
Q

T/F
Spaces inside the cancellous bone of short, flat, irregular and sesamoid bones are filled with red marrow
Ex. Sternum

A

True

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14
Q

-most distinctive form of connective tissue
-extracellular components are hard and calcified
-rigidity of bone gives it supportive and protective functions
-tensile strength nearly equal to that of cast iron at less than 1/3 the weight

A

Bone tissue

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15
Q

-extra cellular components are hard and calcified
-rigidity of bone gives it supportive and protective functions
-tensile strength nearly equal to the of cast iron at less that 1/3 of weight

A

Characteristics of bone tissue

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16
Q

Contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called OSTEONS or HAVERSIAN systems

A

Compact bone

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17
Q

-surround central (Haversian) canals (containing blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves) that run lengthwise through bone and are connected by transverse (volkmann)

A

Osteon

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18
Q

Where are living bone cells located?

A

Osteons
*constitute the structural framework of compact bone
*osteons permit delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products

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19
Q

What are the 3 structures of the lamellae?

A

-concentric
-interstitial
-circumferential

20
Q

Lamellae

Cylinder-shaped layers of calcified matrix around central canal

A

Concentric

21
Q

Lamellae

Layers of bone matrix between the osteons; leftover from previous osteons

A

Interstitial
*between tissue

22
Q

Lamellae

Few layers of bone matrix that surrounds all osteons; run along the outer circumference of a bone and inner circumference (boundary of medullary cavity) of a bone
*surrounds several osteons

A

Circumferential

23
Q

What structures make up the osteon?

A

-lamellae
-lacunae
-canaliculi
-central (osteonal or Haversian) canal

24
Q

Small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells are located between hard layers of the lamella
*hallow spaces/blue spots on osteon model

A

Lacunae

25
Q

Ultra small canals radiating in all directions from the lacunae and connecting them to each other and to the central canal

A

Canaliculi
*hair like structures, red on osteon model

26
Q

Extends lengthwise through the Center of each osteon; contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and nerves. Nutrients and oxygen move from the central canal through the cancliculi to the lacunae and their bone cells inside

A

Central (ostenonal or Haversian) canal

27
Q

T/F
Compact bone, in addition to bone marrow and blood vessels from the periosteum penetrates the bone and then, by way of transverse (Volkmann) canals, connects with vessels in the central canals of osteons

A

True

28
Q

T/F
Bone cells are metabolically active and need a blood supply, which comes from the bone marrow in the internal medullary cavity of cancellous bone

A

True

29
Q

T/F
Cancellous bone does not have osteons

A

True
*has trabeculae instead
-nutrients are delivered and waste products removed by diffusion through tiny canaliculi similar to compact bone

30
Q

Bony branches arranged along lines of stress to enhance the bones strength

A

Trabeculae
*cancellous bone

31
Q

Where is spongy bone (traveculae) found?

A

-between compact bond in:
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Seamus bones
Long bone (inside epiphysis and lining the medullary cavity)

32
Q

What are the 3 types of bone cells?

A

-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts
-osteocytes

33
Q

-bone forming cells found in all bone surfaces
-small cells synthesize and secrete osteons, an important part of the ground substance

A

Osteoblasts

34
Q

-giant multinucleated cells
-responsible for active erosion of bone minerals
-contain large numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes

A

Osteoclasts

35
Q

T/F
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes are found in both compact and spongy bone

A

True

36
Q

-mature non-dividing osteoblasts surrounded by matrix and lying within lacunae

A

Osteocytes

37
Q

-type of soft, diffuse connective tissue; called myeloid tissue
-site for production of blood cells
-found in medullary cavity of long bone and in spaces in spongy bone

A

Bone marrow

38
Q

What bones in adults still contain red marrow?

A

Ribs
Vertebrae (bodies)
Humerus
Pelvis
Femur
Scapula
Clavicle
Sternum

39
Q

T/F
Red marrow can change to yellow marrow during times of decreased blood supply, such as anemia, radiation exposure, disease

A

True

40
Q

-found in virtually all bones in an infant or child body
-produces red blood cells

A

Red marrow

41
Q

-As individuals age, red marrow is replaced
-marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no longer active in blood cell production

A

Yellow marrow

42
Q

T/F
The skeletal system is a storehouse for about 98% of body calcium reserves

A

True

43
Q

Osteoblasts remove calcium from blood and lower circulating levels

A

During bone formation

44
Q

Osteoclasts release calcium into blood and increase circulating levels

A

During breakdown of bone

45
Q

Homeostasis of calcium ion concentration is essential for:

A

-bone formation, remodelling, repair
-blood clotting
-transmission of nerve impulses
-maintenance of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction

46
Q

-primary regulator of calcium homeostasis
-stimulates osteoclasts to initiate breakdown of bone matrix and increase blood calcium levels
-increase renal absorption of calcium from urine
-stimulates vitamin D synthesis

A

Parathyroid hormone

*mechanisms of calcium homeostasis

47
Q

-protein hormone produced in thyroid gland
-produced in response to high blood calcium levels
-stimulates bone deposition by osteoblasts
-inhibits osteoclast activity
-far less important than parathyroid hormone

A

Calcitonin

Anatomy (16 decks)

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