Anatomy Review Flashcards
80 bones of head, neck and torso
Composed of 74 bones from the upright axis and 6 tiny ear bones
Axial skeleton
126 bones that form the appendages to the axial skeleton; upper and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton
Middle/shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
Ossification - 4th to 5th year
Scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid
Ossification - 9th to 12th year
Pisiform
Ossification - 2nd month
Capitate
Ossification - 3rd month
Hamate
Ossification - 3rd year
Triquetrium
Ossification - 4th year
Lunate
Humero-radial and humero-ulnar articulations; form a synovial hinge joint
Elbow joint
Variable, receptor, control center, effector
Homeostatic control systems
Feedback control system:
Will do the exact opposite
Negative feedback
Feedback control system:
Amplifies the problem until it ends
Positive feedback
- Intracellular regulation
- Intrinsic regulation
- Extrinsic regulation
Levels of homeostatic control
Specific value range, ex. Temperature
Set point value
Forms covering on all internal and external surfaces
Epithelial tissue
- protection
- secretion
- absorption
- sensory functions
- excretion
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial cells:
Flat and sheet like in appearance
Squamous
Epithelial cells:
Cube like, equal width, height, depth
Cuboidal
Epithelial cells:
Column like, taller than they are wide
Columnar
2 types of epithelial tissue
- Membranous (covering or lining)
- Glandular
- one cell layer of flat cells
- permeable to many substances
Simple squamous
- one cell layer of cuboidal cells
Ex. Found in many glands and ducts
Simple cuboidal
- multiple layers of flat cells
Ex. Skin - can be non keratinized
Ex. Mouth and esophagus
Stratified squamous
- 2 or more cuboidal rows
- serves to protect
Ex. Pharynx
Stratified cuboidal
- stratified tissue typically found in stress and high change areas of the body
- has the ability to stretch
Ex. Wall of urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium
Secretion could be discharged into ducts then taken onto body surface
Exocrine glands
Secretion may be discharged directly into blood stream
Endocrine glands
- membranous type attached to basement membrane
- avascular ( no vessels but absorbs what is needs)
- cells are in close proximity
- capable of reproduction
Epithelial tissue
- connects
- supports
- transports
- protects
Connective tissue
Connective tissue:
- loose
- adipose
- reticular
- dense
Fibrous
Connective tissue:
- compact bone
- cancellous bone
Bone
Connective tissue:
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
Cartilage
Fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood
Connective tissue
- makes up most of the muscles attached to the bone
- threadlike cells with many cross striations and many nuclei per cell
Skeletal
Striated voluntary
- found in walls of hollow internal organs
- elongated narrow cells, no cross striations, one nucleus per cell
Smooth
Non-striated involuntary OR visceral
- makes up the wall of the heart
- branching cells with intercalated disks
Cardiac
Striated involuntary
Rapid regulation and integration of body activities
Nervous tissue
Special characteristics of nervous tissue
Excitability, conductivity
Conducting unit of system
- cell body OR soma
Neuron
Transmits nerve impulse away from the cell body
Axon (single process)
Transmits nerve impulse toward the cell body and axon
Dendrite (one OR more)
Special connecting, supporting, coordinating cells that surround neurons
Neuroglia
Course sheath of connective tissue that covers whole muscle
Epimysium
A tougher connective tissue envelope that binds muscle fibers into fascicles (groups)
Perimysium
(Under epimysium)
A delicate connective tissue membrane covering a muscle cell or muscle fiber
Endomysium
(Farthest in)
Strap like muscles of all lengths with parallel fascicles
*recuts
Parallel
(Straight muscles)
Fascicles that radiate out from a small to a wide point of attachment (fan)
Convergent
Featherlike in appearance
Pennate
Fascicles that may be close to parallel at the center but converge to a tendon at one or both ends
Fusiform
Fibers that twist between their points of attachment
Spiral
Often circle body tubes or openings, also called orbicular or sphincters
Circular
Line closed body cavities
Parietal
Cover visceral organs
Visceral
Surrounds a lung and lines the thoracic cavity
Pleura
Covers the abdominal visceral and lines the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
What type of muscle is the pectoralis major?
Convergent
What type of muscle is the deltoid?
Multipennate
Point of attachment of a muscle that does not move when the muscle contracts
Origin
Point of attachment of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts
Insertion
A muscle that directly performs a specific movement
Prime mover
Muscles when contracting directly opposes prime movers
Antagonist
Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover
Synergists
Muscle that functions as a joint stabilizer
Fixative muscle
Muscles that start and stop within the hand/same region
Intrinsic
What is considered to be the lower respiratory system?
Inside the thoracic cavity
