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haematology > Leukaemia > Flashcards

Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Most common type in children ?

A

ALL

L=LITTLE

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2
Q

Most common acute type in older people?

A

AML

M= MATURE

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3
Q

why do you get bone pain?

A

bone marrow infiltration

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4
Q

They usually present with bone marrow failure. What 3 things do you get?

A

anaemia, neutropaenia, thrombocytopenia

basically a pancytopaenia

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5
Q

what clinical signs do they get?

A

pallor, fever, petechaie

anaemia, netropaenia, thrombocytopenia

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6
Q

what type of cells are normally always seen on blood film?

A

blasts (abnormal cells)

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7
Q

what is classically seen in AML?

A

auer rods

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8
Q

in which acute leukaemia are there more likely to be blasts?

A

ALL

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9
Q

how is the lineage of the tumour confirmed?

A

flow cytometry immunophenotyping

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10
Q

what are the two lineages

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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11
Q

what is the blood count like ?

A

pancytopaenia with variable white cell count

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12
Q

pancytopaenia?

A

reduction of cells of all lineages

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13
Q

symptoms of pancytopenia?

A

pANcyTopaenia
Anaemia (pallor, SOB)
Neutropaenia (fever)
Thrombocytopaenia (purpura, petechaie)

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14
Q

Bone and joint pain, hepatosplenomegaly and organ infiltration more common in ? less common in ?

A

more in ALL

less in AML

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15
Q

In terms of treatment, which one can take a few years and which one is more intense?

A

ALL a few years, AML more intense

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16
Q

what is the prognosis like in ALL for kids?

A

very good, complete remission in almost all patients

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17
Q

CML, what age group? (makelele)

A

adults

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18
Q

CML characterised by the presence of?

A

philidephia chromosome

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19
Q

what is the first line tx of CML?

A

imatinib

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20
Q

CLL - who get this?

A

old >60

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21
Q

in CLL, you get an accumulation of ?

A

incompetent B cells

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22
Q

how do we identify normal cells?

A

immunophenotyping

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23
Q

malignant haematopoesis is characterised by?

A

increased numbers of abnormal and dysfunctional cells

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24
Q

CLL, what happens to B cells?

A

proliferation

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25
Q

what is myeloma?

A

plasma cell malignancy in bone marrow

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26
Q

why do you get bone pain in myeloma?

A

bone marrow infiltration

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27
Q

acute leukaemia is defined as excess of ?

A

blasts (>20% )

28
Q

presentation of ALL?

A

ANT

anaemia, infections, bleeding

29
Q

which leukaemia do you get gum infiltration ?

A

AML

30
Q

investigations for leukaemia?

A

blood count and film
coag screen
bone marrow aspirate

31
Q

cells in AML and ALL are very similar, what is needed for definitive diagnosis?

A

immunophenotyping

32
Q

why is the diagnosis of AML and ALL important?

A

they have different treatment

33
Q

bone marrow suppression causes neutropenia. what sort of infections are patients prone to?

A

gram negative

34
Q

what antibiotic is staph aureus treated with?

A

flucloxaclillin

35
Q

which haemophilia is also known as chritmas tree disease? how is it treated?

A

haemophilia B
shortage of factor 9
treated with factor 9 precipitate

36
Q

what is pancytopaenia?

A

all cells down. deficiency of cells from all lineages

37
Q

platelets are produced from ?

A

megakaryocytes

38
Q

which syndrome has propensity for evolution to AML?

A

myodysplastic syndrome

39
Q

what is the white cell count like in acute leuk?

A

variable

40
Q

why does acute leukaemia cause pancyto?

A

proliferation of abnormal cells prevents normal haematopoetic stem cell development

41
Q

why does hypersplenism cause pan?

A

increased splenic pool

42
Q

causes of hypersplenism?

A 
portal hypertension (cirrhosis) 
rheumatoid arthritis (feltys) 
splenic lymphoma
43
Q

bloods in pancytopaenia?

A

pANcyTopaenia
Anaemia
Neeutropaenia
Thrombocytopania

44
Q

symptoms in pancytopaena?

A

SOB, pallor, infections, bruising and petechaie

45
Q

treatment of idiopathic aplastic anaemia?

A

immunosuppressoin

46
Q

which virus can cause bone marrow suppression?

A

HIV

47
Q

antibodies are made of which kind of chains?

A

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

48
Q

myeloma is a malignancy of?

A

plasma cells in the marrow

49
Q

where are B cells produced?

A

bone marrow

50
Q

description of plasma cell nucleus?

A

clock face nucleus

51
Q

where are plasma cells found?

A

lymph and plasma

52
Q

what are plasma cells laden with? what do they pump out?

A

antibodies

53
Q

which proteins are a marker of underlying monoclonal b cell disorder>

A

paraproteins

54
Q

how do you detect immunoglobulins?

A

serum electrophoresis

55
Q

which protein detected on urine electrophoresis?

A

bence jones protein

56
Q

free light chain production by normal plasma cells is 0.5g/day
excess can leak into the urine as?

A

bence jones protein

57
Q

direct tumour effects of myeloma?

A

bone lesions
increased calcium
bone pain
marrow failure

58
Q

calcium in myeolma?

A

hypercalcamia

59
Q

what lesions can you get in the spine?

A

oestolytic lesions

60
Q

what do you use to monitor response to treatment

A

paraproteins

61
Q

which type of cells are seen in CLL blood film?

A

smudge cells

62
Q

why does hypercalcaemia in multiple myeloma result in pathological fractures and osteoporosis?

A

calcium out of bones

63
Q

important differential for poorly patient with herediatary spherocytosis?

A

splenic rupture

64
Q

in hereditary spherocytosis, what shape are the RBCs?

A

ball shaped

65
Q

where are spherocytes destroyed?

A

spleen. red blood cell survival is reduced

66
Q

which is more common, von willebrands or haemophilia?

A

von Willebrands

haematology (20 decks)

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