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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lesson 9 - Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Lesson 9 - Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

arteries carry blood…

A

away from the heart

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2
Q

arterioles

A

small branches of arteries

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3
Q

capillaries

A

connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins to create a circuit

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4
Q

veins carry blood

A

back to the heart

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5
Q

venules

A

small branches that drain blood from capillaries, converge to form veins

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6
Q

tunica interna (tunica intima)

A

innermost layer of blood vessels, exposed to blood

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7
Q

what is the tunica intima made from? (2)

sse

A

endothelium - simple squamous epithelium

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8
Q

the tunica interna has a _____ _____ barrier

A

selectively permeable

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9
Q

the tunica interna secretes chemicals that do what? (2)

A

stimulate dilation or constriction of blood vessels

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10
Q

the tunica _____ normally repels blood cells and platelets to prevent clotting

A

interna/intima

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11
Q

when tissue around vessels is inflamed, _____ cells produce cell-adhesion molecules

A

endothelial cells

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12
Q

cell adhesion causes _____ to congregate in tissue where their action is needed

A

leukocytes

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13
Q

what separates the tunica interna from the tunica media?

A

internal elastic lamina

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14
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of vessels

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15
Q

what is the tunica media made of? (3)

A

collagen, elastic tissue, and concentric sheets of smooth muscle

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16
Q

what separates the tunica media from the tunica externa?

A

external elastic lamina

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17
Q

what does the collagen, elastic tissue, and concentric sheets of smooth muscle do for blood vessels?

A

strengthens vessels and prevents blood pressure from rupturing them

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18
Q

tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

A

outermost layer of vessels

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19
Q

what is the tunica externa made of? (3)

A

loose connective tissue (collagen and elastic fibers); often nerges with that of neighboring blood vessels, nerves, or other organs

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20
Q

what does the tunica externa provide to the vessels? (2)

A

anchors vessels and provides a passage for small nerves and lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

vasa vasorum

A

“vessels of vessels”
- small vessels that supply blood to outer half of the wall in the larger arteries/veins

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22
Q

arteries and veins run…

A

side by side

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23
Q

arteries have…(2)… than veins

A
  • thicker walls
  • higher blood pressure
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24
Q

a collapsed artery has…(2)… lumen

A

a small, round
- pleated/rippled

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25
Q

veins have a…(2)…lumen

A

large, flat, deflated

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26
Q

veins are more _____ and can stretch more

A

distensible/expandable

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27
Q

_____ lining contracts while _____ lining does not

A

vein, artery

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28
Q

veins have _____ to prevent backflow

A

valves

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29
Q

arteries are more _____ than veins

A

elastic - stretches at higher pressure

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30
Q

what does the elasticity of arteries allow?

A

to absorb pressure waves that come with each heartbeat

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31
Q

arteries change _____ which is controlled by the _____ division of the ANS

A

diameter, sympathetic

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32
Q

do arteries have dual innervation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

no! only sympathetic

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33
Q

arteries have autonomic tone, meaning…

A

it has background levels of stimulation from the sympathetic system

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34
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the contraction of arterial smooth muscle by the ANS that constricts the lumen

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35
Q

vasodilation

A

the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle that enlarges the lumen

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36
Q

vasoconstriction/dilation affect (3)

a.p.c.

A
  1. afterload on the heart
  2. peripheral blood pressure
  3. capillary blood flow
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37
Q

vasoconstriction _____ afterload

A

increases

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38
Q

arteries are divided into three classes by size

c.d.r.

A
  1. conducting (elastic/large)
  2. distributing (muscular/medium)
  3. resistance (small)
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39
Q

conducting (elastic/large) arteries

A

largest arteries

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40
Q

examples of conducting arteries (5)

A

aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk, and common iliac arteries

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41
Q

conducting arteries have this at the border between the tunica interna and media

A

internal elastic lamina

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42
Q

conducting arteries have this between the tunica media and externa

A

external elastic lamina

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43
Q

conducting arteries _____ during systole, and _____ during diastole

A

expand, recoil

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44
Q

elasticity of arteries does what to pulse force?

A

evens it out

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45
Q

expansion of conducting arteries does what for smaller downstream arteries?

A

takes pressure off of them

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46
Q

what does the recoil of conducting arteries do for circulation?

A

it helps maintain pressure during the relaxation phase, keeping blood moving

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47
Q

distributing (medium/muscular) arteries

where do they distibute blood?

A

distribute blood to specific organs

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48
Q

examples of distributing arteries (4)

b.f.r.s.

A

brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries

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49
Q

in distributing arteries, what takes up three fourths of the wall thickness?

A

smooth muscle layers

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50
Q

on distributing arteries, what layers are notably thick? (2)

A

internal and external elastic laminae

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51
Q

resistance arteries have a thicker tunica _____ and very little tunica _____

A

media, externa

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52
Q

arterioles

A

smallest of the resistance arteries

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53
Q

arterioles have thin/incomplete tunica _____, and little to no tunica _____

A

media, externa

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54
Q

what controls the amount of blood going to various organs?

A

arterioles

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55
Q

with what stimulation does artery diameter change? (2)

A

sympathetic or endocrine stimulation

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56
Q

constricted arteries do what to blood flow?

A

opposes it, creates resistance

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57
Q

where does most peripheral resistance occur?

A

arterioles/resistance vessels

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58
Q

metarterioles (thoroughfare channels)

A

short vessels that link arterioles directly to venules in some places, providing a shortcut for blood t bypass capillary beds

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59
Q

aneurysm

A

weak point in artery or heart wall that forms a thin-walled, bulging sac that pulsates with each heartbeat (may rupture at any time)

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60
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

blood accumulates between tunics of artery and separates them

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61
Q

what usually causes a dissecting aneurysm

A

degeneration of the tunica media

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62
Q

most common sites for aneurysms (3)

aa.ra.ac.

A

abdominal aorta, renal arteries, and arterial circle at the base of the brain

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63
Q

how do aneurysms cause pain?

A

putting pressure on other structures

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64
Q

what are the most common causes of aneurysms? (2)

a.h.

A

atherosclerosis and hypertension

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65
Q

aneurysms are the result of… (3)

cw.t.bi.

A

congenital weakness of blood vessels, trauma, or bacterial infections

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66
Q

sensory structures in some major vessel walls do what?

A

monitor blood pressure and chemistry and transmit that info to regulate heartbeat, blood vessel diameter, and respiration

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67
Q

carotid sinuses

A

baroreceptors in the walls of the internal carotid arteries

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68
Q

what do carotid sinuses do?

A

they monitor blood pressure

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69
Q

how do carotid sinuses transmit signals to the brain?

A

through the glossopharyngeal nerve

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70
Q

what structure helps create the baroreflex?

A

carotid sinuses

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71
Q

carotid bodies

A

chemoreceptors/oval bodies near the branches of the common carotids

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72
Q

what do carotid bodies monitor?

A

blood chemistry

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73
Q

how do carotid bodies transmit info to the brain?

A

through the glossopharyngeal nerve to the brainstem respiratory centers

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74
Q

what do carotid bodies do to help stabilize blood chemistry?

A

they adjust respiratory rate to stabilize pH, CO2, and O2

75
Q

aortic bodies

A

one to three chemoreceptors in the walls of the aortic arch

76
Q

what nerve innervates the aortic bodies?

A

vagus

77
Q

aortic bodies are just like what in structure and function?

A

carotid bodies

78
Q

capillaries are _____ vessels, meaning they…

A

exchange; they are where gasses, nutrients, wastes, and hormones pass between the blood and tissue fluid

79
Q

microcirculation/microvasculature consists of…(3)

A

capillaries, arterioles, and venules

80
Q

nearly every cell in the body is close to a _____

A

capillary

81
Q

where are capillaries not found? (5)

A
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • epithelium
  • cornea
  • lens
82
Q

what are capillaries composed of? (2)

e.b.

A

endothelium and basal lamina

83
Q

three capillary types distinguished by permeability

A
  1. continuous
  2. fenestrated
  3. sinusoids
84
Q

where are continuous capillaries found?

A

in most tissues

85
Q

continuous capillaries

A

endothelial cells held together by tight junctions forming a continuous tube with cells separated by gaps

86
Q

intercellular clefts

A

small gaps between the endothelial cells of continuous capillaries

87
Q

what kind of solutes can pass through intercellular clefts?

A

small solutes like glucose

88
Q

what types of solutes cannot pass through intercellular clefts? (3)

A

most plasma proteins, and other large molecules like blood cells and platelets

89
Q

basal lamina

A

thin protein-carbohydrate layer that surrounds the outer endothelium

90
Q

capillaries lack what portions of vessels? (2)

A

tunica media and externa

91
Q

pericytes

A

wrap around the capillaries and contain the same contractile protein as muscle to regulate blood flow

92
Q

pericytes can differentiate into _____ cells, and can do what?

A

endothelial cells; help with vessel growth and repair

93
Q

where are fenestrated located?

A

found in organs that require rapid absorption or filtration

94
Q

examples of places you’d find fenestrated capillaries (3)

A
  • kidneys
  • small intestine
  • choroid plexus of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced
95
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

their endothelial cells contain filtration pores, or fenestrations

96
Q

what do fenestrated capillaries allow to pass?

A

only small molecules, no large things like proteins

97
Q

fenestrated capillaries are spanned by what?

A

a very think glycoprotein membrane much thinner than the cell’s plasma membrane

98
Q

sinusoidal capillaries/sinusoids

A

endothelial cells are separated by WIDE gaps with no basal lamina, often have large fenestrations

99
Q

where can you find sinusoids/sinusoidal capillaries? (4)

A

in irregular blood-filled spaces of the liver, bone marrow, spleen, or endocrine organs

100
Q

what do sinusoids allow to pass? (3)

A

large proteins like albumin, clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter circulation

101
Q

what are sinusoids monitored by? what do they do?

A

phagocytic cells to engulf damaged RBCs, pathogens, and cellular debris

102
Q

what are capillary beds supplied by?

A

usually a single arteriole or metarteriole

103
Q

where do capillaries drain?

A

venules or distal ends of metarterioles

104
Q

at any given time, _____% of the body’s capillaries are shut down

A

75

105
Q

most control over capillaries involves what?

A

constriction of upstream arterioles

106
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

control flow in capillary beds supplied with metarterioles

107
Q

when precapillary sphincters are relaxed…

A

capillaries are well perfused with blood

108
Q

when precapillary sphincters contract…

A

they constrict the entry to the capillary and blood bypassee them

109
Q

vasomotion

A

contraction and relaxation cycle of precapillary sphincters

110
Q

what does vasomotion do to blood in capillaries?

A

causes the blood flow in capillary beds to be a constantly changing route

111
Q

vasomotion is controlled locally by what?

A

changing concentrations of chemicals and dissolved gases in interstitial fluid - AUTOREGULATION

112
Q

veins are the _____ vessels of the cardiovascular system

A

capacitance

113
Q

which vessels are thin-walled, flaccid, collapse when empty, and expand easily?

A

veins

114
Q

which vessels have a greater capacity for blood containment?

A

veins

115
Q

which vessels have a steady blood flow?

A

veins

116
Q

where is most blood located at any given moment?

A

veins

117
Q

which vessels are subjected to relatively low blood pressure?

A

veins

118
Q

types of veins (4)

p.m.m.l.

A
  1. postcapillary veins
  2. muscular veins
  3. medium veins
  4. large veins
119
Q

postcapillary veins

A

smallest veins that emerge from the ends of capillaries

120
Q

what vessels are even more porous than capillaries?

A

postcapillary venules

121
Q

postcapillary venules consist of what structural portions of a vessel? (3)

A
  • tunica interna
  • few fibroblasts around it
  • no muscle
122
Q

muscular veins

A

receive blood from postcapillary venules

123
Q

muscular veins consist of what structural portions of a vessel? (2)

A
  • one or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media
  • thin tunica externa
124
Q

medium veins consist of what structural portions of a vessel? (3)

A
  • thin tunica media
  • thick tunica externa
  • tunica interna forms venous valves
125
Q

what propels venous blood back to the heart?

A

the skeletal muscle pump

126
Q

failure of venous valves can cause…

A

varicose veins

127
Q

large veins consist of what structural portions of a vessel?

A
  • smooth muscle in all three tunics
  • thinish tunica media, moderate smooth muscle
  • tunica externa is thickest layer w/ longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle
128
Q

examples of large veins (4)

A

venae cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins, renal veins

129
Q

what happens to blood in the lower legs of people who stand for long periods of time?

A

blood pools stretching the veins, causing the cusps of valves to pull apart further weakening the vessels

130
Q

varicose veins

A

veins with irregular dilations due to weakening, where blood backflows and further distends the vessels

131
Q

what are hemorrhoids?

A

varicose veins of the anal canal

132
Q

what things cause increase risk of varicose veins? (3)

A
  • hereditary weakness
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
133
Q

simplex and most common route for blood (6)

A

heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins

134
Q

anastomosis

A

convergence between two vessels other than capillaries

135
Q

arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt)

A

artery flows directly into veins, bypassing capillaries

136
Q

venous anastomosis

A

one vein empties into another

137
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

two arteries merge, providing collateral routes of blood supply

138
Q

what is the most common type of anastomosis?

A

venous

139
Q

explain the difference between a metarteriole and an arteriovenous anastomosis

A

metarterioles are artery/vein junctions that occur when capillaries are ‘closed’, while an arteriovenous anastomosis is a artery/vein shunt that is constantly in use (not connected to capillaries)

140
Q

capacitance

A

blood vessels ability to stretch

141
Q

high capacitance

A

expands easily at low pressure

142
Q

low capacitance

A

expands only at high pressure

143
Q

_____ stretch more than _____, and are called capacitance vessels

A

veins, arteries

144
Q

flow

A

amount of blood flowing through and organ, tissue, or blood vessel at any given moment

145
Q

at rest, total flow is… (2)

A

quite constant and equal to cardiac output

146
Q

hemodynamics

A

the physical principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance

147
Q

flow equation

A

deltaP/R
- deltaP = difference in pressure between one area and another
- R= resistance against blood flow

148
Q

the greater the pressure difference between two points, the _____ the flow; the greater the resistance, the _____ the flow

A

greater, less

149
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

150
Q

why is pulse pressure important?

A

important measure of the driving force on circulation and of stress exerted on small arteries by pressure surges generated by the heart

151
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP) equation

A

diastolic pressure + (1/3)pulse pressure

152
Q

syncope

A

fainting/passing out

153
Q

since pressure varies across the cardiac cycle, blood flow in arteries is _____

A

pulsatile

154
Q

blood spurts intermittently from an open _____

A

artery

155
Q

bleeding from _____ tends to be slow and steady

A

veins

156
Q

BP tends to rise with _____

A

age

157
Q

ateriosclerosis

A

stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissue of artery walls

158
Q

atherosclerosis

A

build up of lipid deposits that become plaques

159
Q

hypertension

A

chronic resting blood pressure higher than 130/80

160
Q

what can hypertension cause in the body? (3)

A

weaken arteries, cause aneurysms, and promote atherosclerosis

161
Q

hypotension

A

chronic low resting blood pressure - no specific numerical criterion

162
Q

what is hypotension caused by?

b.a.d.

A

blood loss, dehydration, anemia

163
Q

blood pressure is determined by three variables

c.b.r.

A
  1. cardiac output
  2. blood volume
  3. resistance to flow
164
Q

blood volume is regulated mainly by the _____

A

kidneys

165
Q

peripheral resistance

A

opposition to flow that blood encounter in vessels away from the heart

166
Q

resistance hinges on three variables

A
  1. blood viscosity
  2. vessel length
  3. vessel radius
167
Q

blood viscosity stems mainly from… (2)

a.r.

A

plasma proteins (albumin) and RBCs

168
Q

these reduce viscosity of blood and speed up flow (2)

A
  • anemia
  • hypoproteinemia (low albumin)
169
Q

these increase viscosity and flow declines (2)

p.d.

A
  • polycythemia
  • dehydration
170
Q

the farther liquid travels through a tube, …

A

the more cumulative friction it encounters

171
Q

_____ and _____ decline with distance

A

pressure, flow

172
Q

what has the greatest control over blood flow?

A

vessel radius

173
Q

_____ changes in the radius results in _____ changes in blood flow

A

small, large

174
Q

blood exhibits laminar flow, meaning…

A

it flows in layers, and a dilating vessels allows more blood to flow without more of it making contact with the vessel wall, speeding up flow

175
Q

vasomotion is controlled by…

A

the vasomotor center in the medulla

176
Q

blood velocity decreases from aorta to capillaries for three reasons

A
  1. friction has reduced the speed over distance traveled
  2. the smaller radii of arterioles/capillaries provide more friction
  3. number of vessels and their total cross-sectional area becomes greater
177
Q

from capillaries to vena cava, velocity increased again to due…(2)

A
  • veins are larger, they create less resistance than capillaries
  • large amounts of blood from the capillaries are forced into smaller channels (veins)
178
Q

does blood regain the same velocity it had in large arterioles? why or why not?(3)

A

NO
- veins are further from pumping heart
- veins are more compliant (stretchy)

179
Q

what are the most significant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow?

A

arterioles

180
Q

why are arterioles so integral to peripheral resistance and flow? (3)

A
  • on proximal side of capillary beds, best positioned to regulate flow
  • outnumber any other type of artery, providing the most numerous control points
  • more muscular in proportion to diameter
181
Q

what vessels produce half the total peripheral resistance?

A

arterioles

182
Q

resistance vessels

A

arterioles

183
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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