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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lesson 10 - Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Lesson 10 - Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

fluid filters out of the arterial end of capillaries and _____ re-enters venous ends

A

osmotically

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2
Q

hydrostatic pressure (HP) is..

_____at arterial end and ____ at venous end

A

high on the arterial end of the capillary and low on the venous end

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3
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) drives…

A

fluid out of the capillary

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3
Q

interstitial hydrostatic pressure (IHP) drives…

A

fluid into the capillary

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4
Q

deltaHP =

A

CHP - IHP
capillary HP - interstitial HP

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5
Q

colloid osmotic pressure (COP) draws….

A

fluid into the capillary

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6
Q

what does the drawing of water by the colloid osmotic pressure result from?

A

more plasma proteins in blood

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7
Q

oncotic pressure

A

net colloid osmotic pressure

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8
Q

oncotic pressure/deltaCOP =

COP = colloid osmotic pressure

A

blood COP - tissue COP

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9
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP)

the difference between…

A

the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure

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10
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP) equation

A

(CHP - IHP) - (BCOP - ICOP)

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11
Q

at the arterial end of the capillary the NFP is….

A

greater than zero

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12
Q

what does it mean when the NFP is greater than zero? (2)

A
  • net hydrostatic pressure is greater than the net osmotic pressure
  • fluid moves OUT of the capillary into the interstitial fluid
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13
Q

and the venous end of the capillary, the NFP is…

A

less than zero

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14
Q

what does it mean when the NFP is less than zero? (2)

A
  • net osmotic pressure is greater than net hydrostatic pressure
  • fluid moves INTO the capillary and out of the interstitial fluid
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15
Q

at the arterial end of capillaries, the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures results in…(2)

A

(1) net filtration pressure (deltaNFP) (2) of 13mmHg out

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16
Q

at the venous end, the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure results in….(2)

A

(1) net reabsorption pressure (2) of 7 mmHg inward

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17
Q

at the venous end, blood pressure is low so….

A

oncotic pressure overrides hydrostatic pressure

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18
Q

capillaries _____ _____ fluid at the arterial end and _____ it at the venous end

A

gives off, reabsorbs

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19
Q

capillaries reabsorb about _____ of the fluid they filter

A

85%

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20
Q

what two locations have major differences in capillary filtration/reabsorption?

A
  1. glomeruli of the kidneys
  2. alveolar capillaries in the lungs
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21
Q

the glomeruli of kidneys is devoted to…

A

filtration

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22
Q

the alveolar capillaries in the lungs are devoted to…

A

absorption, so fluid doesn’t fill the air spaces

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23
Q

variations in capillary filtration and reabsorption: resting tissue (4)

A
  • most precapillary sphincters are constricted
  • capillaries are collapsed
  • BP is low
  • reabsorption dominates
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24
Q

variations in capillary filtration and reabsorption: active tissue (2)

A
  • capillary pressure rises
  • filtration dominates
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25
Q

variations in capillary filtration and reabsorption: traumatized tissue

A
  • release substances that increase permeability and filtration
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26
Q

edema

A

accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue

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27
Q

three primary causes of edema

A
  1. increased capillary filtration
  2. reduced capillary reabsorption
  3. obstructed lymphatic drainage
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28
Q

three primary causes of edema: increased capillary filtration (4)

can be caused by…

A
  • kidney failure
  • histamine
  • old age
  • poor venous return
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29
Q

three primary causes of edema: reduced capillary reabsorption (3)

can be caused by…
h.ld.dpd

A
  • hypoproteinemia
  • liver disease
  • dietary protein deficiency
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30
Q

three primary causes of edema: obstructued lymphatic drainage

A

surgical removal of lymph nodes

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31
Q

pathological consequences of edema (4)

A
  • tissue death
  • pulmonary edema
  • cerebral edema
  • severe edema can cause circulatory shock
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32
Q

pathological consequences of edema: tissue death

A

oxygen delivery and waste removal are impaired

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33
Q

pathological consequences of edema: pulmonary edema (2)

A
  • fluid in the lungs
  • suffocation threat
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34
Q

pathological consequences of edema: cerebral edema (4)

this causes…?

A
  • headaches
  • nausea
  • seizures
  • come
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35
Q

pathological consequences of edema: severe edema

A

excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume and low blood pressure

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36
Q

venous return

A

flow of blood back to the heart

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37
Q

five mechanisms of venous return

A
  1. pressure gradient
  2. gravity
  3. skeletal muscle pump
  4. thoracic pump
  5. cardiac suction
38
Q

what is the most important force in venous return?

A

blood pressure

39
Q

central venous pressure

A

pressure where the venae cavae enter the heart, about 5 mmHg

40
Q

venule pressure value

A

12-18 mmHg

41
Q

gravity drains blood from where?

A

the head and neck

42
Q

skeletal muscle pump (2)

A

(1) contracting limb muscles squeeze blood out of compressed portions of the veins, and (2) valves keep blood moving toward the heart

43
Q

the thoracic (respiratory) pump (4)

A

(1) inhalation expands the thoracic cavity, (2) thoracic pressure on the inferior vena cava decreases, (3) abdominal pressure on the inferior vena cava increases, (4) and blood is forced upward toward the heart

44
Q

blood flows faster with _____

A

inhalation

45
Q

central venous pressure fluctuates during respiration due to the _____ ______

A

thoracic pump

46
Q

central venous pressure during inhalation

A

2 mmHg

47
Q

central venous pressure during exhalation

A

6 mmHg

48
Q

cardiac suction

A

during contraction of the ventricles, valves are pulled slightly downward by the chordae tendineae and atrial space expands slightly drawing blood in

49
Q

reasons exercise increases venous return (4)

A
  • heart beats faster and harder, increasing CO and BP
  • vessels dilate to increase flow
  • increased respiratory rate means increased action of the thoracic pump
  • increased skeletal muscle pump
50
Q

reason venous pooling occurs with inactivity

A

venous pressure not enough to force blood back upward

51
Q

what could potentially happen with prolonged standing?

A

CO may be low enough to cause dizziness or syncope

52
Q

how can you prevent venous pooling?

A

periodically tensing leg muscles

53
Q

circulatory shock

A

any state in which cardiac output (CO) is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs

54
Q

all forms of circulatory shock fall into these two categories

A
  1. cardiogenic shock
  2. low venous return (LVR) shock
55
Q

three major forms of low venous return (LVR) shock

A
  1. hypovolemic shock
  2. obstructed venous return shock
  3. venous pooling shock
56
Q

most common LVR shock

A

hypovolemic shock

57
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

loss of blood volume due to trauma, burns, and dehydration

58
Q

obstructed venous return shock

A

tumor or aneurysm compresses and vein and impedes its blood flow

59
Q

venous pooling shock

A

long periods of standing, sitting, or widespread vasodilation

60
Q

venous pooling shock: neurogenic shock

A

results from sudden loss of vasomotor tone causing vesseles to dilate

61
Q

possible causes of neurogenic shock (2)

A
  • brainstem trauma
  • emotional shock
62
Q

septic shock

A

bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

63
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

severe immune reaction to antigen, histamine release, generalized vasodilation, increased capillary permeability

64
Q

compensated shock

A

several homeostatic mechanisms bring about spontaneous recovery

ex. a person faints and falls to a horizontal position, gravity restores blood flow to the brain

65
Q

decompensated shock

A

when compensation fails

ex. life-threatening positive feedback loops occur (myocardial ischemia causes infarction and decreases CO which slows blood flow to cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) to reduce venous return)

condition worsens and causes damage to cardiac and brain tissue

66
Q

blood flow to what organ fluctuates less than any of the others?

A

the brain, 700ml/min

67
Q

_____ of deprivation to the brain causes loss of consciousness

A

SECONDS

68
Q

how long does the brain have to go without blood flow to cause irreversible damage?

A

four to five minutes

69
Q

total blood flow in the brain is constant but…

A

blood is shifted to active brain areas from moment to moment

70
Q

what regulates its own blood flow?

A

the brain

71
Q

cerebral arteries _____ as systemic BP drops, _____ as BP rises

A

dilate, constrict

72
Q

what is the main chemical stimulus to the brain to recognize BP?

A

pH

  • not sure if I interpreted this correctly
73
Q

poor _____ leads to to Co2 accumulation in the brain

A

perfusion (hypercapnia occurs)

74
Q

hypercapnia in the brain leads to…(2)

A
  • pH decrease
  • triggers vasodilation
75
Q

hypocapnia of the brain leads to…(4)

pi.sv.owh.ids.

A
  • pH increase
  • stimulates vasoconstriction
  • occurs with hyperventilation
  • may lead to ischemia, dizziness, syncope
76
Q

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A

brief episodes of cerebral ischemia

77
Q

symptoms of TIAs (6)

A
  • dizziness
  • vision loss
  • weakness
  • paralysis
  • headache
  • aphasia (inability to understand or produce speech)
78
Q

how long can TIAs last?

A

a moment to a few hours

79
Q

what are often early warning signs of an impending stroke?

A

TIAs - transient ischemic attacks

80
Q

what are TIAs caused by?

A

caused by spasms of diseased cerebral arteries

81
Q

stroke (cerebral vascular accident CVA)

A

sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia

82
Q

what can cause a stroke? (3)

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • thrombosis
  • ruptured aneurysm
83
Q

effects of a stroke (4)

b.p.ls.ls

A
  • blindness
  • paralysis
  • loss of sensation
  • loss of speech
84
Q

blood flow of skeletal muscles at rest (2)

A
  • arterioles constrict, most capillary beds are shut down
  • total flow about 1L/min
85
Q

blood flow of skeletal muscle during exercise (2)

A
  • arterioles dilate in response to muscle metabolites such as lactate, CO2, H+
  • blood flow can increase 20-fold as blood is diverted from the digestive and urinary organs
86
Q

muscular contraction impedes flow by…

A

compressing blood vessels

87
Q

_____ contraction causes fatigue faster than intermittent _____ contractions

A

isometric, isotonic

88
Q

pressure in pulmonary arteries is only…

A

25/10 mmHg

89
Q

why is pulmonary blood flow so much slower?

A

allows more time for has exchange

90
Q

oncotic pressure overrides blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit, meaning…(2)

A
  • pulmonary capillaries absorb fluid (almost no filtration)
  • prevents fluid accumulation in alveoli
91
Q

the unique response of the lungs to hypoxia (2)

A
  • pulmonary arteries constrict in diseased area(s) of the lung that are receiving less O2 from the outside
  • redirects flow to better ventilated region of the lung
92
Q

lungs response to hypoxia is the opposite of the systemic arteries, they…

A

dilate in response to hypoxia to increase tissue perfusion

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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