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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lesson 11 - Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Lesson 11 - Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

immune system

A

not an organ system- but a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease

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2
Q

immune cells are concentrated into a true organ system called…

A

the lymphoid system

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3
Q

the lymphoid system (4)

A
  • network of organs and vein-like vessels that recover fluid
  • inspect fluid for disease agents
  • activates immune response
  • return fluid to the bloodstream
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4
Q

lymphoid (lymphatic) system

A

lymphatic vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue, and a collection of lymphoid tissue and organs that produce immune cells

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5
Q

fluid recovery (2)

A
  • fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces
  • blood capillaries reabsorb 85% and the rest enters the lymphatic system
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6
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling due to the interference in lymphatic drainage

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7
Q

functions of the lymphoid system (2)

A
  • immune surveillance
  • lipid absorption
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8
Q

functions of the lymphoid system: immune surveillance (3)

A
  • excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from tissues
  • passes through lymph nodes where immune cells stand guard against foreign matter
  • activated a protective immune response
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9
Q

functions of the lymphoid system: lipid absorption

A

lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are no absorbed by blood capillaries

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10
Q

components of the lymphoid system (4)

A
  • lymph
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphoid tissue
  • lymphoid organs
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11
Q

lymph

A

recovered fluid from tissues; clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma but low in protein

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12
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

vessels of the lymphoid system that transport lymph

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13
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs of the body

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14
Q

lymphoid organs

A

organs where lymphoid cells concentrate, surrounded by connective tissue capsules

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15
Q

lymph chemical composition varies in different places, compare and contrast lymph from the intestines versus after lymph nodes

A
  • lymph collected from the intestine may look milk because of high lipid content
  • lymph collected after lymph nodes have high amounts of lymphocytes
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16
Q

what is the main supply of lymphocytes in the blood stream?

A

lymph collected after lymph nodes

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17
Q

lymphatic capillaries are also called…

A

terminal lymphatics

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18
Q

what locations are lymphatic vessels absent from? (4)

A
  • cartilage
  • cornea
  • bone
  • bone marrow
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19
Q

lymphatic capillary cells are tethered to surrounding tissue by _____ _____

A

anchoring filaments

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20
Q

what are microscopic vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue of the body? HINT: lol not blood vessels

A

lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

describe the capillary walls of lymphatic vessels

A

endothelial cells overlapping each other like roof shingles

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22
Q

lymphatic capillaries are _____ at one end

A

closed

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23
Q

what structure of lymphatic vessels keeps lymph moving in one direction?

A

endothelium creates valve-like flaps that open when interstitial fluid pressure is high and close when it is low

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24
Q

intercellular clefts

A

gaps between cells (lymphatic vessel cells) are large enough to allow bacteria and cells to enter lymphatic capillary

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25
Q

what happens to lymphatic endothelial cells when the tissue swells with fluid?

A

causes the overlapping edges of the endothelial cells to pry apart and brain int e fluid into the lymphatic capillary

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26
Q

three layers of lymphatic vessels

A
  1. tunica interna
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica externa
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27
Q

lymphatic vessels: tunica interna (2)

contains…

A

endothelium and valves

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28
Q

lymphatic vessels: tunica media (2)

contains…

A

elastic fibers and smooth muscle

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29
Q

lymphatic vessels: tunica externa

A

thin outer layer

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30
Q

lymphatic capillaries merge to form _____ vessels

A

collecting

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31
Q

collecting vessels converge to form _____ _____

A

lymphatic trunks

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32
Q

all lymphatic ducts converge to form these two collecting ducts

A
  1. right lymphatic duct
  2. thoracic duct
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33
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

receives lymph from the right arm, right side of the head and thorax

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34
Q

where does the right lymph duct emtpy?

A

the right subclavian vein

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35
Q

thoracic duct

A

receives lymph from below the diaphragm; left arm, left side of the head, neck, and thorax

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36
Q

the thoracic duct begins as a sac in the abdomen called the _____ _____

A

cisterna chyli

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37
Q

where does the thoracic duct empty?

A

the left subclavian vein

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38
Q

summary of the path from tissue fluid back to the bloodstream (8)

A

lymphatic capillaries –> collecting vessels –> 11 lymphatic trunks –> two collecting ducts –> subclavian veins –> brachiocephalic veins –> superior vena cava –> right atrium

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39
Q

lymph flows under forces similar to those that govern venous return except…

A

no pump (heart)

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40
Q

lymph flows at _____ pressure and _____ speed than venous blood

A

low, slower

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41
Q

stretching of lymphatic vessels stimulates…

A

their contraction

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42
Q

lymph is moved along by…(5)

A
  • rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
  • squeezing of skeletal muscle
  • rhythmic pulsations of nearby arteries
  • the thoracic (respiratory) pump
  • rapidly flowing blood in the subclavian veins draws lymph into it
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43
Q

cells associated with lymphoid system (6)

A
  • neutrophils
  • natural killer (NK) cells
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
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44
Q

neutrophils

A

antibacterial cells

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45
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

lymphocytes that attack and destroy infected host cells and cancerous cells

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46
Q

T lymphocytes (T cells) mature in what loaction?

A

the thymus

47
Q

B lymphocytes (B cells)

A

activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells and produce antibodies

48
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytic cells that act as APCs

49
Q

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

display antigens on surface to alert other immune cells

50
Q

dendritic cells

A

APCs found in the skin, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs

51
Q

lymphatic tissue

A

aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes and various organs

52
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

lymphocytes are scattered

53
Q

where is diffuse lymphoid tissue prevalent? (4)

A

in body passages open to the exterior like the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

54
Q

in mucous membranes, diffuse lymphoid tissue is called….

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

55
Q

lymphoid nodules (follicles)

A

lymphocytes and macrophages gather in dense masses

56
Q

aggregated lymphoid nodules (2)

A
  • formerly Peyer patches
  • large clusters of nodules in the small intestine
57
Q

T/F lymphoid nodules may be temporary or permanent features of some tissues

A

true

58
Q

primary lymphoid organs (2)

A
  • red bone marrow
  • thymus
59
Q

immunocompetent

A

able to recognize and respond to antigens

60
Q

secondary lymphoid organs (3)

A
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • spleen
61
Q

what are locations where immunocompetent cells migrate and populate are called…

A

secondary lymphoid organs

62
Q

what separates lymphatic tissues from neighoboring tissues?

A

connective tissue capsules

63
Q

red bone marrow

A

soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material separated from osseous tissue by endosteum of bone

64
Q

red bone marrow is involved in these two things

A
  • hematopoiesis
  • immunity
65
Q

blood-forming cells attached to….

A

reticular cells and other elements of marrow stroma

66
Q

what is secreted to stimulate stem cells to produce formed elements?

A

colony-stimulating factors

67
Q

as blood cells mature, they…

A

push their way through the reticular and endothelial cells to enter the sinus and flow away in the bloodstream

68
Q

thymus is a member of what systems (3)

A

endocrine, lymphoid, and immune systems

69
Q

thymus

A

bilobed organ located in superior mediastinum between sternum and aortic arch

70
Q

the thymus houses developing ______ and _____ hormones regulating their activity

A

T cells, secretes

71
Q

with age, the thymus exhibits a large degree of _____

A

involution

72
Q

by age 65, people are unable to make…

A

new T cells

73
Q

immunosenescence

A

destruction and remodeling of immune organ structure as well as innate and adaptive immune dysfunction with aging

74
Q

fibrous capsules of the thymus give off _____ that divide the gland into several lobes

A

trabeculae (septa)

75
Q

lobes have _____ and _____ populated by T cells

A

cortex, medulla

76
Q

thymic _____ cells involved in T cell development

A

epithelial

77
Q

thymic epithelial cells secrete these signaling molecules…(5)

A
  • thymosin
  • thymopoietin
  • thymulin
  • interleukins
  • interferon
78
Q

cortical epithelial cells

A

along with pericytes, surround capillaries to form blood-thymus barrier

79
Q

lymph nodes

A

bean-shaped structures that cleanse lymph and are sites of lymphocyte activation

80
Q

what is the most numerous lymphoid organ?

A

lymph nodes, about 450 in a typical young adult !

81
Q

the parenchyma is divided into the _____ and _____

A

cortex and medulla

82
Q

germinal centers

A

in the cortex where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells

83
Q

several _____ lymphatic vessels lead into the node along its convex surface

A

afferent

84
Q

lymph leaves the node through one to three _____ lymphatic vessels that leave the _____

A

efferent, hilum

85
Q

cervical lymph nodes are found in the

A

neck

86
Q

axillary lymph nodes are in the

A

armpit

87
Q

thoracic lymph nodes are found in the

A

thoracic cavity, especially the mediastinum

88
Q

abdominal lymph nodes are found in the

A

posterior abdominopelvic wall

89
Q

intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes are found in the

A

mesenteries and near the appendix and intestine

90
Q

inguinal lymph nodes are found in the

A

groin

91
Q

popliteal lymph nodes are found…

A

in the back of the knee

92
Q

lymphadenitis

A

swollen, painful lymph node responding to foreign antigen

93
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

collective term for all lymph node diseases

94
Q

metastasis

A

cancerous cells break free from original primary tumor, travel to other sites in the body and establish new tumors

95
Q

metastasizing cells easily enter _____ vessels

A

lymphatic

96
Q

where do metastasizing cells generally end up?

A

they lodge in the first lymph node they encounter

97
Q

cancerous nodes are usually… (3)

A

swollen, firm, and painless

98
Q

after infecting a node, cancer tends to spread…

A

to the next node downstream

99
Q

treatments for breast cancer (3)

A
  • lumpectomy
  • mastectomy
  • along with removal of nearby axillary nodes
100
Q

tonsils

A

patches of lymphoid tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx

101
Q

what guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens

A

tonsils

102
Q

tonsillar crypts

A

deep pits covered with epithelium lined by lymphoid nodules

103
Q

tonsillitis

A

acute inflammation of palatine tonsils

104
Q

spleen

A

the body’s largest lymphoid organ

105
Q

where is the spleen

A

inferior to the diaphragm and posterolateral stomach

106
Q

medial hilum

A

passage of splenic artery and vein, and lymphatic vessels

107
Q

parenchyma of the spleen exhibits two types of tissue

A

red pulp and white pulp

108
Q

red pulp

A

sinuses filled with erythrocytes

109
Q

white pulp

A

lymphocytes, macrophages surrounding small branches of splenic artery

110
Q

functions of the spleen (4)

A
  • erythrocyte graveyard
  • blood cell production in fetus
  • maintains army of monocytes for release when needed
  • stabilizes blood volume
111
Q

how does the spleen stabilize blood volume?

A

through plasma transfers to lymphoid system

112
Q

white pulp monitors blood for….

A

foreign antigens

113
Q

ruptured spleen requires a….

A

splenectomy

114
Q

what is the consequences of a splenectomy?

A

leaves the person susceptible to future infections and premature death

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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