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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lesson 13-14a Part 1 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lesson 13-14a Part 1 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

Slides 1-53

1
Q

respiratory system

A

organ system that takes in air and expels it from the body

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2
Q

respiration

A

refers to ventilation of the lungs (breathing)

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3
Q

functions of the respiratory system part 1 (5)

A
  • gas exchange
  • communication
  • olfaction
  • acid/base balance
  • blood pressure regulation
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4
Q

functions of the respiratory system part 2 (4)

A
  • blood and lymph flow
  • platelet production
  • blood filtration
  • expulsion of abdominal contents
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5
Q

functions of the respiratory system: gas exchange

A

O2 and CO2 exchanges between blood and air

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6
Q

functions of the respiratory system: communicaiton

A

speech and other vocalization

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7
Q

functions of the respiratory system: olfaction

A

sense of smell

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8
Q

functions of the respiratory system: acid/base balance

A

influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2

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9
Q

functions of the respiratory system: blood pressure regulation

A

assists with synthesis of angiotensin II

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10
Q

angiotensin II

A

a hormone that regulates blood pressure

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11
Q

functions of the respiratory system: blood and lymph flow

A

breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen that promote flow of lymph and blood

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12
Q

functions of the respiratory system: platelet production

A

more than half of platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the lungs (not bone marrow)

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13
Q

functions of the respiratory system: blood filtration

A

lungs filter small clots

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14
Q

functions of the respiratory system: expulsion of abdominal contents

A

breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, and childbirth

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15
Q

principal organs of the respiratory system (6)

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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16
Q

conducting zone

A

passage that serve only for airflow (no gas exchange)

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17
Q

the conducting zone is through…

A

nostrils through major bronchioles

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18
Q

respiratory zone

A

region that participate in gas exchange

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19
Q

the respiratory zone is through…

A

alveoli and nearby structures

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20
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

airway from nose through larynx

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21
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

regions from trachea through lungs

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22
Q

functions of the nose (3)

A
  • warms, celeanses, and humidifies inhaled air
  • detects odors
  • serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
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23
Q

the nose extends from..

A

the nostril to posterior nasal apertures

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24
Q

nostrils aka

A

nares

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25
Q

posterior nasal apertures aka

A

choanae

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26
Q

the facial part of the nose is shaped by _____ and _____ cartilage

A

bone, hyaline

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27
Q

nasal septum

A

divides nasal cavity into right and left nasal fossae

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28
Q

vestibule

A

small, dilated chamber just inside nostrils

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29
Q

the vestibule is lined with…

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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30
Q

guard hairs (vibrissae)

A

stiff hairs that block insects and debris from entering the nose

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31
Q

the chamber behdin vestibule occupied by three folds of tissue called…

A

superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates) that project from lateral walls toward septum

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32
Q

meatus

A

narrow air passage beneath each concha

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33
Q

_____ and _____ ensure the most air contact mucous membrane to clean, warm , and moisten the air

A

narrowness, turbulence

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34
Q

nasal mucosa is covered by…

A

respiratory epithelium

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35
Q

respiratory epithelium is..

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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36
Q

ciliated cells

A

have motile cilia that propel the mucus posteriorly toward the pharynx to be swallowed

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37
Q

goblet cells

A

produce most of the mucus, supplemented by mucous glands in lamina propria

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38
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

involved in the sense of smell

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39
Q

where is the olfactory epithelium?

A

located at the roof of each nasal fossa

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40
Q

the olfactory epithelium contains what kind of cells? that do what?

A

immobile cilia that bind odorant molecule

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41
Q

olfactory glands secrete…to assist…

A

serous fluid to assist diffusion of order molecules to receptors on the cilia

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42
Q

pharynx

A

muscular funnel extending from the posterior nasal apertures to the larynx

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43
Q

three regions of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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44
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior nasal apertures and above the soft palate

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45
Q

the nasopharynx contains…(2)

A

auditory tubes and contains the pharyngeal tonsil

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46
Q

oropharynx

A

space between soft palate and epiglottis

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47
Q

laryngopharynx

A

posterior to larynx, from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

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48
Q

where does the esophagus begin?

A

the laryngopharynx

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49
Q

larynx

A

cartilaginous chamber functioning to keep food and drink out of the airway

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50
Q

what is commonly called the ‘voice box’?

A

the larynx

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51
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tissue that guards superior opening of the larynx

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52
Q

at rest, how is the epiglottis positioned?

A

almost vertically

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53
Q

during swallowing, how does the larynx move?

A

extrinsic muscles pull the larynx upwards

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54
Q

during swallowing, how does the epiglottis move?

A

the tongue pushes it down to meet the larynx

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55
Q

what do the larynx and epiglottis function together to do?

A

closes airways and directs food to esophagus behind it

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56
Q

_____ folds of the larynx play greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway

A

vestibular

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57
Q

_____ cartilages make up the framework of larynx

A

nine

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58
Q

first three cartilages of the larynx

A
  1. epiglottic cartilage
  2. thyroid cartilage
  3. cricoid cartilage
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59
Q

epiglottic cartilage

A

most superior; spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis

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60
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

shield-shaped and largest cartilage

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61
Q

where is the laryngeal prominence?

A

the thyroid cartilage
- aka Adam’s apple

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62
Q

why is the laryngeal prominence larger in men?

A

testosterone stimulates the growth

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63
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

ring-shaped that connects the larynx to trachea

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64
Q

two folds of the larynx

A

vestibular and vocal

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65
Q

vestibular folds

A

play no role in speech but close the larynx during swallowing

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66
Q

the vestibular folds are supported by…

A

vestibular ligaments

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67
Q

vocal folds (vocal cords)

A

produce sound when air passes between them

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68
Q

the vocal cords contain…

A

vocal ligaments

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69
Q

vocal ligaments

A

suited to endure vibration and contact

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70
Q

vocal ligaments are covered with…

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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71
Q

glottis

A

the vocal cords and the opening between them

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72
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

superficial layer of muscles connecting the larynx to the hyoid bone

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73
Q

what is the function of the extrinsic muscles?

A

elevate the larynx during swallowing

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74
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

abduct or adduct vocal cords, depending on direction of rotation

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75
Q

when are high pitched sounds produced by the intrinsic muscle?

A

air is forced between the adducted (taut) cords

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76
Q

when are low pitched sounds produced by intrinsic muscles?

A

occurs when the cords are more slack

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77
Q

adult male vocal cords, when compared to female cords…(3)

A
  • usually longer and thicker
  • vibrate more slowly
  • produce lower-pitched sound
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78
Q

how is loudness determined?

A

by the force of air passing between the vocal cords

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79
Q

vocal cords produce crude sounds that are formed into words by the actions of…(4)

A
  • pharynx
  • oral cavity
  • tongue
  • lips
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80
Q

trachea

A

tube that connects larynx to bronchi

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81
Q

what is commonly called the windpipe?

A

trachea

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82
Q

where is the trachea located?

A

anterior to the esophagus

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83
Q

how is the trachea supported?

A

16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

84
Q

what do the tracheal cartilage do?

A

prevent collapse during inhalation

85
Q

openings in the tracheal cartilage rings faces _____ toward the esophagus

A

posteriorly

86
Q

what do the openings in the tracheal cartilage do?

A

allows the esophagus to expand as swallowed food passes by

87
Q

what muscle spans the openings in the rings?

A

trachealis

88
Q

what is the function of the trachealis?

A

contracts (parasym) or relaxes (sym) to adjust airflow

89
Q

carina

A

lowest tracheal cartilage with an internal median ridge

90
Q

the trachea is lined by…

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

91
Q

the trachea has these three types of cells

A

mucus-secreting, ciliated, and stem cells

92
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

mechanism for debris removal; mucus traps inhaled particles, and upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed

93
Q

tracheotomy

A

to make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow

94
Q

what does a tracheotomy prevent?

A

asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction

95
Q

potential problems of a tracheotomy include: (3)

A
  • inhaled air bypasses the nasal cavity and is not humidified
  • if left for too long, will dry out mucous membranes
  • became encrusted and interfere with clearance of mucus from the tract, thereby promoting infection
96
Q

intubation

A

when a patient is on a ventilator, air is introduced directly into the trachea

97
Q

what must happen to air being used in a intubation?

A

must be filtered and humidified to prevent respiratory tract damage

98
Q

lung

A

a conical organ

99
Q

base of the lung

A

broad, concave portion resting on the diaphragm

100
Q

apex of the lung

A

tip that projects above the clavicle

101
Q

costal surface of the lungs

A

pressed against the ribcage

102
Q

mediastinal surface of the lungs

A

faces medially toward the heart

103
Q

the hilum of the lung

A

slit through which the lungs receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

104
Q

structures near the hilum constitute the _____ of the lung

A

root

105
Q

which lung has greater volume?

A

the right lung

106
Q

why is the right lung shorter than the left?

A

because the liver rises higher on the right

107
Q

three lobes of the right lung

A

superior, middle, and inferior lobes

108
Q

horizontal fissure

A

separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung

109
Q

oblique fissure

A

separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung

110
Q

why is the left lung tall and narrow?

A

the heart tilts toward the left and occupies more space on this side

111
Q

cardiac impression

A

indentation to accommodate the heart in the left lung

112
Q

two lobes of the heart

A

superior and inferior lobes

113
Q

what are the two lobes of the left lung separated by?

A

a single oblique fissure

114
Q

bronchial tree

A

a branching system of air tubes in each lung

115
Q

which main bronchus is wider and more vertical?

A

the right

116
Q

which bronchus has aspirated foreign object lodged in it more commonly?

A

the right

117
Q

each bronchial tree extends from the _____ bronchus to ______ bronchioles

A

main, terminal

118
Q

each main bronchi are divided into…

A

lobar (secondary) bronchi

119
Q

a lobar bronchus serves…

A

each lobe of each lung

120
Q

the left main bronchus gives off two branches…

A

superior and inferior lobar bronchi

121
Q

the right main bronchus gives off three branches…

A

superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi

122
Q

lobar bronchi branch into…

A

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

123
Q

how many segmental bronchi are in the right lung?

A

10

124
Q

how many segmental bronchi are in the left lung?

A

8

125
Q

what are the main bronchi support by?

A

rings of hyaline cartilage

126
Q

the hyaline cartilage supporting the main bronchi transition into…

A

crescent-shaped plates in the lobar and segmental bronchi

127
Q

all bronchi are lined with…

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

128
Q

cells grow shorter and the epithelium of the lungs thinner as you progress towards the _____

A

bronchioles

129
Q

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

lamina propria with an abundance of mucous glands and lymphoid nodules

130
Q

all divisions of the bronchial tree have large amounts off….

A

elastic connective tissue

131
Q

what does the elastic connective tissue of the bronchial tree contribute to?

A

recoil during respiration

132
Q

the mucosa has a well-developed layer of smooth muscle called the….

A

muscularis mucosae

133
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

contracts or relaxes to constrict or dilate the airway regulating air flow

134
Q

bronchodilation

A

increase in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole

135
Q

_____ and _____ stimulation increase airflow

A

epinephrine, sympathetic

136
Q

bronchioconstriction

A

decrease in diameter of bronchus or bronchioles

137
Q

what decreases airflow? (4)

A
  • histamine
  • parasympathetic nerves
  • cold air
  • chemical irritants
138
Q

bronchioles

A

continuations of the airway that lack supportive cartilage and are 1mm or less in diameter

139
Q

pulmonary lobule

A

portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole

140
Q

bronchioles have these two things

A
  • ciliated cuboidal epithelium
  • well-developed layer of smooth muscle
141
Q

each bronchiole branches into 50-80…

A

terminal bronchioles

142
Q

what are the final branches of the conducting zone?

A

terminal bronchioles

143
Q

terminal bronchioles lack…(2)

A

mucous glands and goblet cells

144
Q

terminal bronchioles move mucous by…

A

cilia that move it by the mucociliary escalator

145
Q

terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller _____ _____

A

respiratory bronchioles

146
Q

respiratory bronchioles have _____ budding from their walls

A

alveoli

147
Q

what is considered the beginning of the respiratory zone? why?

A

respiratory bronchioles because their alveoli participate in gas exchange

148
Q

each respiratory bronchiole divides into 2-10 _____ _____

A

alveolar ducts

149
Q

alveolar ducts

A

elongated, thin-walled passages with alveoli along their walls

150
Q

alveolar ducts end in _____ _____

A

alveolar sacs

151
Q

alveolar sacs

A

clusters of alveoli around an atrium (central space)

152
Q

alveoli

A

microscopic air pouches in the lungs, each about .2-.5 mm in diameter

153
Q

cells of alveoli (2)

A
  • squamous (type I) alveolar cells
  • great (type II) alveolar cells
  • alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
154
Q

squamous (type I) alveolar cells

A

thin cells that allow rapid gas diffusion between air and blood

155
Q

what cell type covers 95% of alveolar surface area?

A

squamous (type i) alveolar cells

156
Q

great (type II) alveolar cells

A

cuboidal cells that cover the remaining 5% of alveolar surfaces

157
Q

what do great alveolar cells do?

A

repair the alveolar epithelium when squamous cells are damaged

158
Q

what do type II alveolar cells secrete?

A

pulmonary surfactant

159
Q

pulmonary surfactant (2)

A
  • mixture of phospholipids and proteins that coats the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing during exhalation
  • reduced surface tension of the alveoli
160
Q

what is the most numerous cell in the lungs?

A

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

161
Q

what happens to dust cells after phagocytizing dust particles?

A

they ride up the mucociliary escalator to be swallowed and digested with their debris

162
Q

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

A

keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles

163
Q

where do alveolar macrophages wander?

A

lumens of alveoli and connective tissue between them

164
Q

respiratory membrane

A

thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood

165
Q

each alveolus is surrounded by..

A

a basket of capillaries supplied by the pulmonary artery

166
Q

three layers of the respiratory membrane

A
  1. squamous alveolar cells
  2. endothelial cells of blood capillaries
  3. their shared basement membranes (between the alveolar cells and capillary endothelium)
167
Q

lungs receive both ____ and ____ blood supplies

A

pulmonary, systemic

168
Q

pulmonary circuit pathway (5)

A

pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries –> lobar arteries –> capillaries surrounding alveoli –> pulmonary veins

169
Q

what does the pulmonary circuit serve to do? (2)

A

(1) unload CO2 from blood so it can be exhaled and (2) pick up O2 from inhaled air

170
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

the respiratory membrane

171
Q

systemic blood supply to the lungs includes (2)

A
  • bronchial arteries
  • bronchial veins
172
Q

bronchial arteries

A

arise from aorta, supply lung tissue with blood

173
Q

bronchial veins

A

drain blood from the lungs to the azygos vein of the thorax

174
Q

right to left shunt (lungs)

A

some bronchial venous blood mixes with pulmonary venous blood, diluting the O2 content somewhat before it reaches the left atrium

175
Q

why is it important to prevent fluid build up in the lungs?

A

gasses diffused too slowly through liquid to sufficiently aerate the blood

176
Q

how do the lungs prevent fluid build up? (3)

A
  • alveoli are kept dry by lower blood pressure in capillaries
  • reabsorption overrides filtration and keeps alveoli free of excess fluid
  • lungs have more extensive lymphatic drainage than any other organ in the body
177
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane that lines the thoracic wall and forms the surface of the lung

178
Q

visceral pleura

A

forms the surface of the lung

179
Q

parietal pleura

A

adhere to the mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm

180
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between pleurae

181
Q

is there normally space between the membranes of the pleura?

A

no, but it contains a film of slippery pleural fluid

182
Q

pleural effusion

A

pathological seepage of fluid in the pleural cavity

183
Q

causes of pleural effusion (3)

A
  • congestive heart failure
  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary embolism
184
Q

functions of pleurae and pleural fluid (3)

A
  1. reduce friction
  2. creation of a pressure gradient
  3. compartmentalization
185
Q

functions of pleurae and pleural fluid: reduced friction

A

allows lungs to move with minimal friction

186
Q

functions of pleurae and pleural fluid: creation of a pressure gradient

A

pressure gradient to assist with lung inflation

187
Q

functions of pleurae and pleural fluid: compartmentalization

A

prevents spread of infection from one organ in the mediastinum to others

188
Q

breathing is a repetitive cycle of _____ and _____

A

inspiration, expiration

189
Q

respiratory cycle

A

one complete breath, inspiration and expiration

190
Q

quiet respiration

A

breathing while at rest, effortless and automatic

191
Q

forced respiration

A

deep or rapid breathing, such as during exercise or playing an instrument

192
Q

flow of air in and out of lungs depends on…

A

a pressure difference between air within the lungs and outside the body

193
Q

respiratory muscles do what?

A

change lung volume and create differences in pressure relative to the atmosphere

194
Q

principal muscles of respiration (2)

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

195
Q

who is the prime mover of respiration?

A

the diaphragm

196
Q

what happens when the diaphragm contracts? (2)

A
  • flattens the diaphragm
  • enlarges the thoracic cavity and pulls air into the lungs
197
Q

what happens when the diaphragm relaxes? (2)

A
  • allows diaphragm to bulge upward again
  • compresses the lungs and pushes air out
198
Q

what accounts for two-thirds of airflow?

A

the diaphragm

199
Q

what assists the diaphragm in respiration?

A

internal and external intercostal muscles

200
Q

what contribute to the enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage during respiration?

A

internal and external intercostal muscles

201
Q

what contributes to the remaining third of airflow in the lungs?

A

internal and external intercostal muscles

202
Q

accessory muscles of respiration act mainly in _____ respiration

A

forced

203
Q

deep inspiration also uses these muscles (4)

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenes
  • pectoralis minor
  • serratus anterior
204
Q

normal quiet inspiration uses…(2)

A

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

205
Q

normal quiet expiration uses…(2)

A
  • nothing
  • energy saving passive process achieved by the elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage
206
Q

forced expiration uses these muscles (2)

A
  • rectus abdominis
  • internal intercostals
207
Q

forced expiration (2)

A

(1) greatly increased abdominal pressure pushing viscera up against the diaphragm, (2) increasing thoracic pressure, forcing air out

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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