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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lesson 2 Part 1 - Special Senses > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Part 1 - Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

five special senses

A
  1. olfaction
  2. gustation
  3. vision
  4. equilibrium
  5. hearing
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2
Q

special senses that use chemoreceptors (2)

A

olfaction and gustation

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3
Q

special senses that use mechanoreceptors (2)

A

equilibrium and hearing

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4
Q

gustation

A

sensory perception of molecules dissolved in water

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5
Q

tastants

A

chemical stimulus

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6
Q

gustatory receptor cells

A

sensory cells that perceive molecules dissolved in water

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7
Q

where are taste buds found?

A

found mainly on tongue, but also (especially in children) inside the cheeks, on the soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis

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8
Q

lingual papillae

A

visible bumps on the tongue

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9
Q

four types of lingual papillae

A
  1. filiform
  2. foliate
  3. fungiform
  4. vallate
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10
Q

filiform papillae

A

small spikes with no taste buds that help sense food texture and provides friction

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11
Q

foliate papillae

A

form parallel ridges along sides of the posterior two thirds of the tongue, these have taste buds that degenerate by age 3

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12
Q

fungiform papillae

A

shaped like mushrooms, at the tips and sides of the tongue; each has three taste buds at the apex

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13
Q

vallate papillae

A

large papillae arranged in a V at the rear of the tongue and contain up to one-half of all taste buds

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14
Q

taste buds

A

clusters of 50-100 teste cells, supporting cells, and basal cells in a garlic bulb shape

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15
Q

taste cells/gustatory receptor cells

A

specialized epithelial cells that are NOT neurons

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16
Q

taste hairs

A

tufts of apical microvilli that act as receptor surfaces into a pit that is exposed to the oral cavity

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17
Q

taste pore

A

pit that exposes taste hairs to the oral cavity

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18
Q

taste cells synapse with and release neurotransmitters onto _____ neurons at their base

A

sensory

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19
Q

basal cells (mouth)

A

stem cells that replace taste cells every 7 to 10 days

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20
Q

supporting cells

taste

A

resembles taste cells but not synaptic vesicles or sensory role

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21
Q

five primary sensations of the tongue

A

salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami

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22
Q

salty

A

produced by metal ions like sodium and potassium

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23
Q

sour

A

acids such as in citrus fruits

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24
Q

sweet

A

associated with carbohydrates and other foods of high caloric value

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25
Q

bitter

A

associated with spoiled foods and alkaloids such as nicotine, caffeine, and quinene

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26
Q

umami

A

meaty or savory taste of amino acids in chicken, beef broth; receptors sensitive to amino acids, small peptides, and nucleotides

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27
Q

oleogustus

A

proposed name for the taste of fats; receptors detect long chain fatty acids

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28
Q

two mechanisms of taste cell stimulation

A

sweet/bitter/umami and salty/sour

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29
Q

sweet/bitter/umami taste cell stimulation

A

sugars, alkaloids, and glutamate activate G protein (Gustucins) on taste cell membranes which activate second messenger systems

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30
Q

salty/sour taste cell stimulation

A

sodium and acids enter taste cells directly, depolarizing them

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31
Q

three cranial nerves carry taste information

A

facial nerve VII
glossopharyngeal nerve IX
vagus nerve X

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32
Q

the facial nerve VII carries taste info from what section of the tongue?

A

anterior two-thirds of the tongue

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33
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve IX carries taste info from what section of the tongue?

A

posterior third of the tongue

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34
Q

the vagus nerve X carries taste info from what where? (3)

A

palate, pharynx, and epiglottis

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35
Q

fibers from the cranial nerves that carry taste info all synapse onto neurons located where?

A

medulla oblongata

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36
Q

second-order neurons from the medulla oblongata (for taste info) relay to…(3)

A
  1. hypothalamus and amygdala to activate reflexes like salivation/gagging/vomiting
  2. thalamus relays to the primary gustatory cortex in the insula for perception
  3. thalamus also relays info to orbitofrontal cortex for the overall impression of flavor
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37
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell, response to airborne chemicals

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38
Q

oderants

A

airborne chemicals that our nose responds to for scent

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39
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

path of epithelium in the roof of the nasal cavity that houses receptor cells

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40
Q

what does the olfactory mucosa cover? (3)

A
  • most of the superior nasal concha
  • cribriform plate
  • nasal septum of each nasal fossa
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41
Q

olfactory cells

A

neuons

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42
Q

olfactory hairs

A

immobile cilia on olfactory cells

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43
Q

where does the olfactory nerve CN I exit the nasal cavity?

A

cribriform foramina

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44
Q

axons of olfactory cells collect as _____

A

fascicles

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45
Q

lamina propria

A

superior to the mucosa, contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands that produce mucus to coat the olfactory organs

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46
Q

each olfactory cell has receptors for _____ chemical odorant(s)

A

one

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47
Q

how are different odors detected?

A

due to the combination of olfactory cells being activated

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48
Q

olfactory transduction (3)

what is the process?

A
  • odorant binds G protein-coupled receptor on the olfactory cells
  • activates cAMP second-messenger system which opens ion channels for Na+ and Ca2+
  • depolarizes the membrane and triggers an action potential to the brain
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49
Q

some odorants act on _____ of the _____ nerve instead of olfactory cells

A

nociceptors, trigeminal

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50
Q

odorants that act on nociceptors (4)

A

ammonia, methol, chlorine, capsaicin

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51
Q

olfactory cell axons pass through the roof of the nose, and enter a pair of _____ _____

A

olfactory bulbs

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52
Q

olfactory cells synapse with _____ cells and _____ cells in the olfactory bulbs

A

mitral, tufted

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53
Q

olfactory glomeruli

A

synapses between olfactory nerves and mitral/tufted cells; each receives input from cells with the same receptor type; each is dedicated to a particular type of odor

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54
Q

what do the tufted and mitral cell axons leave the glomeruli as?

A

olfactory tracts; they bypass the thalamus to reach the primary olfactory cortex

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55
Q

how are memories/emotional responses formed with scents?

A

some scent signals are relayed to the amygdala, hippocampus, insula, and hypothalamus

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56
Q

where are basal stem cells located?

A

in the taste bud and olfactory epithelium

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57
Q

both gustatory cells and olfactory receptor cells have…

A

a high turn-over rate

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58
Q

death of receptor cells (gustatory/olfactory) are replaced by cellular division of what cells?

A

basal stem cells

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59
Q

hearing

A

response to vibrating air molecules (pressure waves in the air)

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60
Q

equilibrium

A

sense of motion, body orientation, and balance

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61
Q

hair cells (ear)

A

mechanoreceptors within the inner ear

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62
Q

sound

A

any audible vibration of molecules

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63
Q

what causes an eardrum to vibrate?

A

air molecules hitting the eardrum

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64
Q

pitch

A

whether a sound is high or low is determined by frequency of vibrations

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65
Q

loudness

A

perception of sound energy, intensity, or amplitude of vibrations

66
Q

outer (external) ear

A

funner for conducting airborne vibrations to the eardrum

67
Q

auricle (pinna)

A

what you generally think of as the “ear”

68
Q

auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)

A

slightly curved passage leading through the temporal bone to the eardrum

69
Q

guard hairs

A

hinders objects and organisms from entering the auditory canal

70
Q

cerumen

A

earwax

71
Q

middle ear

A

located in the tympanic cavity in the temporal bone, bounded by eardrum and the inner ear

72
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the “eardrum”, a slightly conical membrane that vibrates in response to sound

73
Q

what is the tympanic membrane innervated by? (2)

A

the vagus and trigeminal nerves

74
Q

tympanic cavity

A

air-filled space between the outer and inner ears

75
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

passageway to the nasopharynx, normally flattened and closed but opens when swallowing and yawning ; how air enters

76
Q

auditory occicles

A

three smallest bones of the body; connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

77
Q

malleus

A

has a long ‘handle’ attached to the inner surface of the tympanic membrane and a ‘head; that articulates with the incus

78
Q

incus

A

has a triangular body that articulates with the malleus and a long limb that articulates with the stapes

79
Q

stapes

A

shaped like a stirrup, the base is held in an opening called the oval window, where the inner ear beings

80
Q

stapedius

A

muscles attached to the stapes

81
Q

tensor tympani

A

muscle attached to the eardrum

82
Q

tympanic relfex

A

the stapedius and tensor reflexively contract to protect the inner ear from loud noises

83
Q

otitis media

A

middle ear infection; common in children

84
Q

why are children more likely to get middle ear infections?

A

their auditory tube is shorter and more horizontal than adults

85
Q

symptoms of a middle-ear infection

A

fluid accumulation in the tympanic cavity producing pressure, pain, and impaired hearing

86
Q

tympanostomy

A

lancing the tympanic membrane and inserting a tube to drain fluid from the tympanic cavity

87
Q

inner (internal) ear

A

portion of ear housed within a maze of temporal bone passages

88
Q

inner ear: bony labyrinth

A

internal passages in the temporal bone

89
Q

inner ear: membranous labyrinth

A

fleshy tubes suspended within the bony labyrinth

90
Q

perilymph

A

fluid between bony and membranous labyrinths; similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid

91
Q

endolymph

A

fluid within the membranous labyrinth; similar in composition to intracellular fluid

92
Q

vestibule

A

chamber where the labyrinths begin; contains the organs of equilibrium

93
Q

cochlea

A

coiled organ used in hearing; contains three fluid-filled chambers separated by membranes

94
Q

scala vestibuli

A

superior chamber filled with perilymph; begins near the oval window and spirals to the apex

95
Q

scala tympani

A

inferior chamber filled with perilymph; extends from the apex of the round window

96
Q

round window

A

window covered by the secondary tympanic membrane

97
Q

cochlear duct (scala media)

A

middle chamber, filled with endolymph; bounded above by vestibular membrane and below by basilar membrane

98
Q

spiral (acoustic) organ

A

structure that converts vibrations to nerve signals; located within the cochlear duct, resting upon the basilar membrane

99
Q

stereocilia

A

long, stiff, microvilli on the apical surface of hair cells

100
Q

tectorial membrane

A

a gelatinous membrane on top of the stereocilia, and attached to it

101
Q

basilar membrane

A

the bottom layer of the spiral organ

102
Q

ossicles and their muscles have a protective function

A

lessen the transfer of energy into the inner ear

103
Q

tympanic reflex

A

loud noise causes the tensor tympani to contract, tensing the eardrum, and the stapedius contraction reduces vibration of the stapes on the oval window

104
Q

vibration of ossicles causes…

A

pressure waves in the inner ear fluid (perilymph)

105
Q

movement of inner ear fluid travels from the _____ _____ to the apex and then down the _____ _____

A

scala vestibuli, scala tympani

106
Q

movement of inner ear fluid causes vibration of the _____ _____ and the ____ cells resting on top

A

basilar membrane, hair

107
Q

since hair cell’s _____ are attached to the _____ membrane, movement of the hair causes them to bend

A

stereocilia, tectorial

108
Q

bending of the hair cells’ stereocilia stimulates their _____-_____ channels to open, allowing _____ into the cell and _____ it

A

mechanically-gated, ions, depolarize

109
Q

amplitude

A

variations in loudness

110
Q

variations in loudness cause variations in the _____ of cochlear vibrations

A

intensity

111
Q

pitch depends on what happening in the ear?

A

which part of the basilar membrane vibrates

112
Q

at the basal end of the basilar membrane (near oval window), the membrane is _____ and moves with _____ frequency waves

A

stiff, high

113
Q

what does the brain interpret as high-pitched

A

high frequency waves

114
Q

at the apex of the basilar membrane, the membrane is more _____ and moves with _____ frequency waves

A

flexible, low

115
Q

what does the brain interpret as low-pitched?

A

low frequency waves

116
Q

auditory projection pathway: first order (sensory) neurons (2)

A
  • receive input from hair cells through the cochlear nerve
  • the cochlear nerve joins with the vestibular nerve to form the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
117
Q

each ear sends nerve fibers to _____ _____ of the _____ _____ to synapse with second order neurons in the _____ _____

A

both sides, medulla oblongata, cochlear nuclei

118
Q

auditory projection pathway: second-order neurons

A

send axon fibers that ascend to the inferior colliculi of the midbrain to synapse with third-order neurons

119
Q

auditory projection pathway: secondary neurons synapse with third order neurons in the inferior colliculi to do what?

A

sound location, fluctuation in pitch, and auditory reflexes (startle response, turning head in response to loud noises)

120
Q

auditory projection pathway: third order neurons (2)

A
  • cell bodies in inferior colliculi
  • axons travel to the thalamus and synapse onto fourth-order neurons
121
Q

auditory projection pathway: fourth order neurons (3)

A
  • cell bodies in the thalamus
  • axons travel to primary auditory cortex for the conscious perception of sound
  • auditory system has extensive decussation, so damage to one side of the cortex does not cause unilateral hearing loss
122
Q

who has the greatest hearing range?

A

young children

123
Q

hearing loss in older individuals are caused by: (3)

A
  • tympanic membrane becoming less flexible
  • articulations between ossicles stiffen
  • round window beings to ossify
124
Q

tinnitus

A

buzzing, whistling, or ringing sound absent of external stimuli

125
Q

causes of tinnitus includes: (4)

A
  • inner ear hair cell damage
  • otosclerosis of ossicles
  • loud noises
  • earwax blockage
126
Q

otosclerosis

A

growth of bone tissue around the ossicles, usually the stapes that interfere with its movement

127
Q

deafness

A

hearing loss

128
Q

conductive deafness

A

conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear

129
Q

causes of conductive deafness (4)

A
  • damage to the tympanic membrane
  • otitis media
  • blockage of auditory canal
  • otosclerosis
130
Q

sensorineural (nerve) deafness

A

death of hair cells or any nervous system elements concerned with hearing

131
Q

equilibrium

A

sense of body orientation, movement, and balance

132
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

contains receptors for equilibrium

133
Q

what does the vestibular apparatus consist of?

A

three semicircular ducts and two chambers, the anterior saccule and posterior utricle

134
Q

two chambers of the vestibular apparatus

A
  • anterior saccule
  • posterior utricle
135
Q

static equilibrium

A

perception of orientation of head in space (erect or tilted): detected by saccule and utricle

136
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

perception of motion or acceleration

137
Q

linear accelerations

A

change in velocity in a straight line, detected by the saccule and utricle

138
Q

angular acceleration

A

a change in rate of rotation; detected by semicircular ducts

139
Q

macula

A

consisting of har cells and supporting cells

140
Q

macula sacculi

A

lives vertically on a wall of saccule

141
Q

macula utriculi

A

lies horizontally on the floor of the utricle

142
Q

kinocilium

A

one true cilium on a hair cell of a macula

143
Q

otolithic membrane

A

a gelatinous membrane of hair cells

144
Q

otoliths

A

calcium carbonate-protein granules that weight the otolithic membrane

145
Q

saccule and utricle contribute to both _____ and _____ _____

A

static, dynamic equilibrium

146
Q

static equilibrium

A

when head is tilted, heavy otolithic membrane sags, bending the stereocilia and stimulating the hair cells

147
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

linear acceleration detected as otoliths lag behind, bending the stereocilia and stimulating the hair cells

148
Q

because the _____ _____ is nearly vertical, it responds to vertical acceleration/deceleration while the ____ ____ is horizontal, it responds to horizontal acceleration/deceleration

A

macula sacculi, macula utriculi

149
Q

crista ampullaris

A

mound of hair cells and supporting cells

150
Q

cupula

A

stereocilia and kinocilium embedded in this gelatinous cap

151
Q

ampulla

A

a dilated sac filled with endolymph next to the utricle

152
Q

crista ampullaris

A

mound of hair cells and supporting cells in each ampulla

153
Q

all hair cells connected to sensory neurons that project axons as the….

A

vestibular nerve

154
Q

fibers end in the ____ _____ on each side of the pons and medulla

A

vestibular nuclei

155
Q

left and right nuclei receive input from ____ ears

A

both

156
Q

vestibular nuclei relay information to five areas:

A
  1. cerebellum
  2. reticular formation of the brain stem
  3. spinal cord
  4. thalamus
  5. nuclei of oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves
157
Q

vestibular nuclei relay information to five areas: cerebellum

A

integrates vestibular information into its control of head and eye movements, muscle tone, and posture

158
Q

vestibular nuclei relay information to five areas: reticular formation of the brain stem

A

thought to adjust blood circulation and breathing to postural changes

159
Q

vestibular nuclei relay information to five areas: spinal cord

A

descend through two vestibulospinal tracts of spinal cord and innervate extensor (antigravity) muscle

160
Q

vestibular nuclei relay information to five areas: thalamus

A

relay to cerebral cortex for awareness of position and motor control of head and body

161
Q

vestibular nuclei relay information to five areas: nuclei of oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves

A

to produce vestibulo-ocular reflex; keeps vision fixed on distant object while walking

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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