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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 6 - bioenergetics of muscle metabolism : fat oxidation & substrate utilization > Flashcards

LESSON 6 - bioenergetics of muscle metabolism : fat oxidation & substrate utilization Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two ways we resynthesize ATP ?

A

non oxidative and oxidative

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2
Q

what are the two non oxidative energy sources ?

A

phosphocreatine and glycolysis/glycogenolysis

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3
Q

what are the two oxidative energy sources ?

A

citric acid cycle / electron transport and fatty acids from beta-oxidation

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4
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

ATP resynthesized through non-oxidative processes referred to as ___________________

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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5
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

ATP resynthesized through oxidative processes referred to as ___________________

A

“oxidative” phosphorylation

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6
Q

what are the four types of fats ?

A
  1. fatty acids
  2. triglycerides
  3. phospholipids
  4. sterols
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7
Q

what are the two principal fats we talk about ?

A

fatty acids and triglycerides

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8
Q

which type of fat is known as the “oxidizable” form of fat ?

A

fatty acids

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9
Q

which type of fat is glycerol + 3 fatty acid groups ; stored in fat cells ?

A

triglycerides

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10
Q

how do we make a triglyceride ?

A

one glycerol and three fatty acids

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11
Q

what type of fat makes up membranes ?

A

phospholipids

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12
Q

what type of fat is cholesterol (in lipoprotein complexes) and transporters ?

A

sterols

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13
Q

what are the two forms of storage for fats ?

A

adipose tissue and muscle

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14
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
storage of adipose tissue is as ________

A

triglycerides

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15
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
storage of muscle about fat is as ___________

A

intramuscular triglycerides

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16
Q

what are the three ways fats transport ?

A
  1. in blood
  2. across sarcolemma
  3. into mitochondria
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17
Q

how soluble are fats through transportation ?

A

poorly soluble

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18
Q

how do fats transport in blood ?

A

as triglycerides, lipoproteins, free fatty acids

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19
Q

how do fats transport across sarcolemma ?

A

fatty acid translocase

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20
Q

how do fats transport into mitochondria ?

A

carmine transport system

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21
Q

per gram is one carb or one fat more efficient ?

A

one fat

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22
Q

what are the two ways we breakdown fats ?

A
  1. lipolysis
  2. oxidation
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23
Q

describe lipolysis :

A

breakdown (hydrolysis) of triglyceride into its components

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24
Q

describe oxidation in regard to breakdown of fats :

A

oxidation of fatty acids and glycerol

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25
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
before fatty acids can be oxidized in the mitochondria, they must first be _____________________ and then activated, forming _______________

A
  • released from triglycerides
  • fatty acyl CoA
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26
Q

how many steps are there of lipolysis in the cytosol ?

A

2

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27
Q

what are the two steps of lipolysis in the cytosol ?

A

STEP 1 = hydrolysis of triglycerides, reaction catalyzed by hormone sensitive lipase

STEP 2 = degradation of FA, reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase as follows

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28
Q

what are free fatty acids attached to ?

A

albumin

29
Q

when do we use fats / fatty acids ?

A

use in fast

30
Q

what happens to your body when you use the fat in your adipose tissue ?

A

lose weight

31
Q

what type of macro is glucose ?

A

carbs

32
Q

how does transport of fatty acyl coach occur ?

A

carnitine transport chain

33
Q

why must fatty acyl-CoA be transported across inner mitochondrial matrix ?

A

because it is impermeable to CoA and it derivates

34
Q

how do fatty acyl-CoA transports occur ?

A

using proteins and the small molecule carnitine

35
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

fatty acids attached to carnitine are able to cross the inner membrane through the protein transporter _____________________________

A

carnitine acylcarnitine translocase

36
Q

what transport systems do we use to move fatty acids in and out ?

A

carnitine transport system

37
Q

acyl CoA = fatty acyl coA
CoASH = CoA

A
38
Q

what is beta-oxidation ?

A

the initial process of oxidation of fatty acids

39
Q

what is known as a “four-step process that removes acetyl-CoA units, one at a time from fatty acyl CoA”

A

beta-oxidation

40
Q

where does beta-oxidation occur ?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

41
Q

what process “removes two carbons from fatty acyl-CoA producing 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH and 1 FADH”

A

beta-oxidation

42
Q

beta-oxidation process is repeated until when ?

A

until the original fatty acid is completely broken down to acetyl CoA

43
Q

what does Acyl CoA help with ?

A

Krebs cycle

44
Q

what does Acetyl CoA help with ?

A

another fatty acid breakdown

45
Q

where does beta-oxidation happen ?

A

in the mitochondria

46
Q

how many carbons in a fatty acid ?

A

18 carbons

47
Q

why are fats so much more valuable ?

A

because it’s 3x120 instead of just 32

48
Q

what is the net ATP of a fatty acid ?

A

120

49
Q

what are two sources of acetyl-coA for TCA cycle with oxygen ?

A

glucose and fatty acid chain

50
Q

once glucose goes through glycolysis what does it turn into ?

A

pyruvate

51
Q

once fatty acid chain becomes fatty acyl - coA what does it go through ?

A

beta-oxidation

52
Q

between both sources of acetyl-coA for TCA cycle which is the faster production of ATP but finite ATP formation ?

A

glucose

53
Q

between both sources of acetyl-coA for TCA cycle which is the slower production of ATP but infinite ATP formation ?

A

fatty acid chain

54
Q

what are other names for the TCA cycle ?

A

Krebs cycle

55
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
required rate of ATP generation determines _________

A

intensity

56
Q

when discussing substrate use during exercise (30 minute exercise bouts) which substrates do we see with a lower ATP resynthesis rate ?

A
  • muscle triglycerides
  • plasma FFA
  • plasma glucose
57
Q

when discussing substrate use during exercise (30 minute exercise bouts) which subtracted do we see with a higher ATP resynthesis rate ?

A
  • muscle glycogen
  • muscle triglycerides
  • plasma FFA
  • plasma glucose
58
Q

if we are walking what type of macros are we using ?

A

carbs and glucose/glycogen

59
Q

If we are doing a marathon what type of macros are we using ?

A

fats

60
Q

in regards to the substrate utilization and exercise intensity what is the crossover point ?

A

when carbs and fats are being used to do the same thing ( they will meet )

61
Q

what happens if you have lactate buildup ?

A

muscle cramps

62
Q

how will majority of lactate produced in skeletal muscle cells enter ?

A

through the blood stream

63
Q

what does lactate contain lots of ?

A

potential energy

64
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

____________ can be transported and taken up by other tissues and converted back to pyruvate

A

fates of lactate

65
Q

what are the two ways fates of lactate can be transported and taken up by other tissues and converted back to pyruvate ?

A
  1. used as substrate to resynthesize ATP (skeletal muscle and other tissues)
  2. converted back to glucose and stored as glycogen
66
Q

what is the catalyst for the lactate reaction ?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

67
Q

are fatty acids reversible ?

A

no

68
Q

are carbs/glucose & glycogen reversible ?

A

yes

69
Q
A

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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