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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 4 - bioenergetics of muscle metabolism in the cycle > Flashcards

LESSON 4 - bioenergetics of muscle metabolism in the cycle Flashcards

1
Q

different forms of activity require different levels of energy which is supplies in the form of ____

A

ATP

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2
Q

are cellular levels of ATP minuscule or large ?

A

minuscule

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3
Q

what is the energy donor fr muscle contraction ?

A

ATP

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4
Q

what are the three types of work energy is used for?

A
  • chemical
  • mechanically
  • transport
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5
Q

what is chemical work ?

A

synthesis of cellular molecules (everything to do with cells)

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6
Q

what is mechanical work ?

A

muscle contraction (acting and myosin)

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7
Q

what is transport work?

A

maintain concentration of substances in intracellular and extracellular fluids (bringing Ca back to SR)

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8
Q

give an example of chemical work

A

from and conserve ATP from food

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9
Q

give an example of mechanical work

A

power stroke

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10
Q

give an example of transport work

A

action potentials, Ca uptake

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11
Q

what are the two broad classes we can divide metabolic pathways into ?

A

catabolic and anabolic

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12
Q

what is catabolic ?

A

those that convert substrates (fuel) int energy

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13
Q

what is anabolic ?

A

those that use energy to produce substrate

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14
Q

what are the two parts of a reaction ?

A

substrate and product

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15
Q

define substrate …

A

starting material of chemical reaction

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16
Q

define product …

A

compound obtained at completion of reaction

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17
Q

if we have more glucose what does that mean for energy ?

A

more energy

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18
Q

what are the two controlling rates of energy production ?

A
  • mass action effect
  • enzyme effect
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19
Q

what is mass action effect ?

A

more substrate = faster rate ; more product = slower rate

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20
Q

what is enzyme effect ?

A

lowers activation energy for a chemical reaction

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21
Q

more enzyme or increased enzyme activity =

A

faster rate of product formation

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22
Q

chemical reactions occurs only when …

A

they have sufficient initial energy (activation energy)

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23
Q

what is an enzyme ?

A

biological catalyst

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24
Q

what do enzymes do ?

A

speed up metabolism or the chemical reactions in our bodies

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25
Q

what are energy substrates ?

A

fuel sources that we can convert to energy through cellular process

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26
Q

what are the three ways the body stores fuel ?

A

carbs, fats and protein

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27
Q

when do we break down protein ?

A

case of extreme starvation / very sick

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28
Q

which macro form of fuel is the easiest / most accessible ?

A

carbs

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29
Q

what are some examples of substrates that the macros that provide energy to resynthesize ATP provide ?

A

pyruvate, acetyl coA and coenzymes

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30
Q

what is the most effective form of storage ?

A

fats

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31
Q

define fats ?

A
  • efficient substrate
  • efficient storage
  • slow rate of energy production
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32
Q

how many kcal/g of fat ?

A

9.4

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33
Q

whats the more healthy type of fat ?

A

unsaturated (double bond)

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34
Q

whats the more unhealthy type of fat ?

A

saturated (single bond)

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35
Q

what are the two main macros we focus on ?

A

carbs and fats

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36
Q

between fats and carbs which activation is higher ?

A

carbs

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37
Q

define carbs ?

A
  • less efficient substrate
  • less efficient storage
  • high rate of energy production
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38
Q

how many kcal/g is a carb ?

A

4.1 kcal/g

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39
Q

what is the worst type of fat ?

A

trans

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40
Q

what does the breakdown of ATP provide ?

A

the required energy needed for all muscle cell functions

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41
Q

what is the term used for when chemical bonds of the molecule are broken through the addition of water ?

A

hydrolysis

42
Q

what does the breaking of these chemical bonds release ?

A

energy

43
Q

what are the the consumers of ATP within the muscle fiber ?

A
  1. myosin ATPases
  2. Ca ATPases
  3. Na-K ATPases
44
Q

what does ATP break down into to initiate powerstroke ?

A

ADP and Pi

45
Q

what do the capillaries do in regards to the overall muscle fiber ?

A

brings nutrients in and getting waste out

46
Q

what is the ATP store ?

A

6 mol ATP/kg wet muscle

47
Q

what are the three exercise types ?

A
  • heavy aerobic exercise
  • severe aerobic exercise
  • “all-out” sprint
48
Q

what is the ATP breakdown rate of a heavy aerobic exercise ?

A

0.4 mol/kg/sec

49
Q

what is the ATP breakdown rate of a severe aerobic exercise ?

A

1.0 mol/kg/sec

50
Q

what is the ATP breakdown rate of a “all-out sprint” ?

A

3.7 mol/kg/sec

51
Q

what is the time to complete ATP depletion of heavy aerobic exercises ?

A

15 seconds

52
Q

what is the time to complete ATP depletion of severe aerobic exercise ?

A

6 seconds (cannot move muscle)

53
Q

what is the time to complete ATP depletion of “all-out sprint” exercise ?

A

< 2 seconds

54
Q

what would happen if we only relied on stored ATP ?

A

we would be exhausted in seconds

55
Q

what are the two ways we resynthesize ATP ?

A

non oxidative and oxidative energy sources

56
Q

what are the two non oxidative energy sources ?

A

phosphocreatine and glycolysis/glycogenolysis

57
Q

what are the two oxidative energy sources ?

A

citric acid cycle/electron transport and fatty acids from beta-oxidation

58
Q

what is glycolysis ?

A

glucose breakdown

59
Q

what is glycogenlysis ?

A

breakdown of glycogen

60
Q

what does non oxidative mean ?

A

we dont need oxygen for it

61
Q

what does oxidative mean ?

A

oxygen is present

62
Q

where is non oxidative found ?

A

in the cytoplasm

63
Q

where is oxidative found ?

A

in the mitochondria

64
Q

ATP resynthesized through non-oxidative processes are referred to as …

A

“substrate-level” phosphorylation

65
Q

ATP resynthesized through oxidative processes are referred to as …

A

oxidative phosphorylation

66
Q

how many ATP do non-oxidative energy sources produce ?

A

2-3 ATP

67
Q

how many ATP do oxidative energy sources produce ?

A

36 ATP

68
Q

what are the three non-oxidative contributors to energy supply ?

A
  1. stored ATP
  2. stored PCr (phosphocreatine)
  3. glycolysis/glycogenolysis (glycolysis)
69
Q

what can phosphocreatine do in regards to ATP ?

A

resupply ATP

70
Q

what does lactic acid buildup cause ?

A

causes pain

71
Q

what happens when ATP levels decrease ?

A

ADP increases and CK (creatine kinase) decreases

72
Q

what happens when ATP levels increase ?

A

CK (creatine kinase) decreased

73
Q

what does creatine kinase break down ?

A

phosphocreatine breaks into creatine by creatine kinase

74
Q

describe how long creatine lasts during your workout ..

A

creatine only lasts for a little but of your workout then goes to ATP

75
Q

if we only relied on stored ATP and PCr we would be exhausted in ______

A

20 seconds or less

76
Q

what does glycolysis and glycogenolysis use as its substrate ?

A

glucose and glycogen

77
Q

costs how many ATP for glucose ?

A

1

78
Q

costs how many ATP for glycogen

A

0

79
Q

the pathway of glycolysis and glycogenolysis starts with …

A

glucose-6- phosphate

80
Q

the pathway of glycolysis and glycogenolysis ends with …

A

pyruvate

81
Q

what is the ATP yield for glycolysis and glycogenolysis ?

A

glucose = 2
glycogen = 3

82
Q

where is glycogen and glycogenelysis stored ?

A

glucose and glycogen

83
Q

what do glucose and glycogen become ?

A

G-6-P

84
Q

glucose and glycogen to G-6-P eventually turn into…

A

pyruvate

85
Q

what happens if too much pyruvate is created during glycolysis and glycogenolysis ?

A

whole process will stop

86
Q

what is NADH in the process of glycolysis ?

A

a substrate

87
Q

why do we convert pyruvate to lactate ?

A

to prevent inhibition of glycolytic flux by accumulation of pyruvate

88
Q

name two importances of lactate…

A

helps us produce energy and gives us NAD

89
Q

what does lactate dehydrogenase do ?

A

LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back

90
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

_________ contributes to ATP resynthesis requirements but as a low ATP yield

A

glycolysis/glycogenlysis

91
Q

between ATP, PCr and Glycolysis which do we use immediately ?

A

ATP

92
Q

between ATP, PCr and Glycolysis which do we use quickly and run out of in seconds ?

A

PCr

93
Q

between ATP, PCr and Glycolysis which do we use for way longer before hitting exhaustion ?

A

glycolysis

94
Q

what allows us to exercise for longer ?

A

oxygen

95
Q

if we only relied on ATP, PCr and Glycolysis we would be exhausted within about ________

A

2 minutes or less

96
Q

what are the four contributors to energy supply ?

A
  1. stores ATP
  2. stored PCr
  3. glycolysis/glycogenolysis
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
97
Q

which form of energy supply leads to no exhaustion ?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

98
Q

what is the main energetic system we use in our day to day life ?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

99
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

____________ can sustain ATP resynthesis requirements indefinitely

A

oxidative phosphorylation

100
Q
A

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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