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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 2 - skeletal muscle & human movement 1 > Flashcards

LESSON 2 - skeletal muscle & human movement 1 Flashcards

skeletal muscle & human movement 1

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle ?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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2
Q

Describe skeletal muscles and their location

A

Voluntary and Skeleton

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3
Q

Describe smooth muscles and their location

A

Involuntary and within hollow organs

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4
Q

Describe cardiac muscles and their location

A

Involuntary and located within the heart

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5
Q

Describe the anatomy of muscles from the bone

A

Bone - tendon - muscle - fascicle - muscle fibres - muscle fibre - myofibril

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6
Q

How are bones attached to muscles ?

A

Tendon

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7
Q

What is the thin layer of the muscle tissue called ?

A

Epimysium

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8
Q

What is the fascicle surrounded by ?

A

The perimysium

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9
Q

What are muscle fibres made of ?

A

Bundle of myofybrils

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10
Q

Which layer is the epimysium ?

A

Outermost

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11
Q

Which layer is the endomysium ?

A

Under

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12
Q

Which layer is the perimysium ?

A

Between

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13
Q

What do skeletal muscles consist of ?

A

75% water, 20% protein, and the remainder is salts, enzymes, pigments, fats and carbohydrates

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14
Q

Name a trick to remember the order of muscles ;

A

Bigger the name, the smaller it is

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15
Q

What is a muscle fibres made up of ?

A

Bunch of myofibril

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16
Q

Between thick and thin filaments which one moves ?

A

Thin (actin)

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17
Q

Between thick and thin filament which one is actin /myosin ?

A

Thin = actin
Thick = myosin

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18
Q

What part of the sarcomere never has interaction with myosin ?

A

H zone

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19
Q

Which between the A band and H zone interacts with actin/myosin ?

A

A band

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20
Q

Which moves the thick or thin filament ?

A

Thin (actin)

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21
Q

Which does not move, the thick or thin filament ?

A

Thick (myosin)

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22
Q

What do myofilaments do ?

A

Allow muscles to contract

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23
Q

Which part of the myofilament have troponin ?

A

Actin

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24
Q

What binds to troponin causing the power stroke ?

A

Myosin heads

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25
Q

Where do the myosin tails and heads point toward ?

A

Tails = towards centre of sarcomere
Heads = sides of the myofilament band

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26
Q

What is actin attached to ?

A

The Z-line

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27
Q

Which is on the outside / inside between actin and myosin ?

A

Myosin in the middle and actin on the outside

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28
Q

the average muscle fiber contains how many sarcomeres ?

A

4500 sarcomeres

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29
Q

the average muscle fiber contains how many myosin ?

A

16 billion

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30
Q

the average muscle fiber contains how many actin filaments ?

A

64 million

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31
Q

a full muscle is made up of a bunch of …

A

muscle fascicles

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32
Q

between actin and myosin which has troponin surrounding them ?

A

actin

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33
Q

what does the mitochondria do within the muscle structure ?

A

produces energy

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34
Q

how does the mitochondria produce energy within the muscle structure ?

A

consuming oxygen

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35
Q

what is the sarcoplasm within the muscle structure ?

A

space that surround (fluid filled space)

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36
Q

what is the sarcolemma ?

A

membrane of the cell

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37
Q

what are the t-tubles within the muscle structure ?

A

(essentially) electrical wires

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38
Q

where do the t-tubules connect ?

A

connect from the brain to sarcoplasmic reticulum in regards to calcium

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39
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do within the muscle structure ?

A

wraps around each myofibril

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40
Q

what triggers a muscle contraction ?

A

calcium

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41
Q

which type of muscle requires us to think about performing an action ?

A

the skeletal muscle system

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42
Q

what are the four main parts of the neuronal system that regulates movement in regards to the skeletal muscles ?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • t-tubles
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43
Q

which pathway does the neuronal system travel ?

A

descending (motor) pathway

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44
Q

between dorsal and ventral which is anterior / posterior ?

A

dorsal = posterior
ventral = anterior

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45
Q

what are the three major divisions of the nervous system ?

A
  1. brain and spinal cord
  2. cranial and spinal nerves
  3. somatic and visceral neurones
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46
Q

what do somatic and visceral neurones do ?

A

conduct impulses from receptors to CNS

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47
Q

which two systems work ascending and depending of each other ?

A

CNS and PNS

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48
Q

which two branches does the peripheral nervous system branch into?

A

sensory (afferent) nerves and effector (efferent) nerves

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49
Q

what do motor neurons do ?

A

conduct impulses from CNS to effectors

50
Q

what two branches does the effector (efferent) nerves branch into ?

A

autonomic and somatic

51
Q

between autonomic and somatic which is involuntary / voluntary ?

A

autonomic = involuntary
somatic - voluntary

52
Q

“conduct impulses from CNS to cardiac/smooth muscle and glands”

A

involuntary

53
Q

“conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles”

A

voluntary

54
Q

what two branches does the autonomic system branch into ?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

55
Q

“fight or flight”

A

sympathetic

56
Q

“rest and digest”

A

parasympathetic

57
Q

what is a motor unit ?

A

single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innovates

58
Q

within each muscle fiber how many neurons are present in each ?

A

one neuron

59
Q

describe how the motor neuron travels starting from the spinal cord …

A

spinal cord - motor neuron (cell body) - travels descending through nerve - motor unit 1 - motor neuron axon - travel to its own individual muscle fiber

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

“one impulse can innervate many different muscles fibers”

A

true

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

“each muscle fiber generally receives input from only one neuron, yet a motor neuron may innervate many muscle fibers because the terminal end of an axon forms numerous branches”

A

true

62
Q

define in your own words “neuromuscular junction”

A

nervous system & muscular system

63
Q

where do nerve impulses travel ?

A

travel down axon

64
Q

what is released at the axon terminal of neuromuscular junction ?

A

ACh

65
Q

what does ACh stand for ?

A

Acetylcholine

66
Q

what do myofibrils store ?

A

calcium

67
Q

what does ACh trigger ?

A

an electrical potential on the sarcolemma

68
Q

what happens if an electrical excitation threshold is reached ?

A

an AP is triggered

69
Q

what happens what a transmembrane voltage is created ?

A

changed membrane potential

70
Q

what does ACh do in regards to potassium and sodium ?

A

changes permeability of membrane to sodium and potassium

71
Q

what helps release ACh at the synaptic vesicle ?

A

calcium

72
Q

where is the action potential traveling through the neuromuscular junction ?

A

going down nerve

73
Q

what happens once ACh binds to a ACh receptor ?

A

triggers a current that travels down / activates the t-tubles

74
Q

what type of wave is traveling down the t-tubles ?

A

wave of depolarization

75
Q

the wave of depolarization traveling down the t-tubles stimulates what ?

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

76
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticule release once it is triggered by the wave of depolarization ?

A

calcium

77
Q

what is the importance of calcium being released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum ?

A

allowing for actin / myosin to interact and cause a contraction

78
Q

where does ACh travel from the synaptic vesicle ?

A

travels across the synaptic clef and binds

79
Q

why do muscle fibres shorten ?

A

because myosin and actin interact in a way that generates tension and allows sliding of the filaments past each other without myofilaments changing length

80
Q

what serves as the molecular motor to drive fiber shortening ?

A

energy from ATP

81
Q

where does energy from muscles come from ?

A

ATP

82
Q

what are the two states of how muscles create movement ?

A

relaxed state and contracted state

83
Q

define the relaxed state …

A
  • no actin-myosin interaction occurs at binding site
  • myofilaments overlap a little
84
Q

define the contracted state …

A
  • myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center (power stroke)
  • filaments slide past each other
  • sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers all shorten
85
Q

how many steps are there in the power stroke preform a power stroke ?

A

6

86
Q

which step of the power stroke is “in the ready state, the myosin cross-bridge is tightly bound at a 45 degree angle to the actin filament”

A

1

87
Q

which step of the power stroke is “ATP binds to myosin allowing it to release from the actin filament”

A

2

88
Q

which step of the power stroke is “ATPase on the myosin hydrolyses that ATP to access energy, and the myosin head moves away from the actin filament. ADP and Pi remain bound to myosin”

A

3

89
Q

which step of the power stroke is “the myosin head moves to 90 degrees and binds to a new actin molecule”

A

4

90
Q

which step of the power stroke is “the myosin head released Pi, which initiates the power stroke, where it tilts back to 45 degrees, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere”

A

5

91
Q

which step of the power stroke is “after the power stroke the myosin head releases ADP and returns to the ready state. this process continues until the ends of the myosin filaments reach the Z-disks, or until Ca is pumped back into the SR”

A

6

92
Q

what does myosin need in order to bind ?

A

ATP

93
Q

what does calcium interact with in order to initiate a contraction ?

A

troponin

94
Q

why does calcium need to interact with troponin ?

A

to release the binding site

95
Q

what does it mean if an individual has less ACh ?

A

gets fatigued quicker

96
Q

AP travelling down the t-tubels triggers the release of _____

A

calcium

97
Q

does a release of calcium cause increase of force ?

A

yes

98
Q

what is a biodex machine ?

A

measures force stimulating nerve to get a twitch

99
Q

is there a “max” where sarcomeres can no longer be contracted ?

A

yes

100
Q

within the length-tension relationship graph how many steps are there ?

A

5

101
Q

what force is it when “↓ crossbridge interactions + ↑ shortening capability”

A

force 1

102
Q

what force is it when “↑ crossbridge interactions + ↑ shortening capabilities”

A

foce 2, 3 and 4

103
Q

what force is it when “↑crossbridge interactions + ↓ shortening capability “

A

force 5

104
Q

what happens when pushing & pulling (of muscle and physical structure) is occurring ?

A

↑ APs = ↑ crossbridge interactions = ↑ shortening = ↑ force

105
Q

if you have more AP what does this mean for force ?

A

more AP = greater force

106
Q

what are dynamic contractions ?

A

muscle contractions with a fixed amount of weight

107
Q

what are the three types of dynamic contractions ?

A

isometric, concentric and eccentric

108
Q

what is isometric ?

A

no movement

109
Q

what is concentric ?

A

shortening / flex

110
Q

what is eccentric ?

A

lengthening / extended

111
Q

how do we calculate force (N) specifically ?

A

load (kg) x gravitational constant (9.81m/s^2)

112
Q

within a force-velocity relationship high force + ___ velocity …

A

low

113
Q

within a force-velocity relationship big weight (mass) = ___ acceleration …

A

low

114
Q

how do we calculate force (N) simplified ?

A

mass x acceleration

115
Q

how do we calculate power ?

A

power = force x velocity

116
Q

what is fatigue ?

A

a loss in the capacity of the muscle to develop force and/or velocity resulting from muscle activity under load

117
Q

how is fatigue reversible ?

A

reversible by rest

118
Q

how does fatigue occur ?

A

from interrupting the chain of events between the CNS → PNS → NMF → muscle fibers

119
Q

what are some examples that can lead to fatigue in muscles ?

A

-reduced stored muscle energy (glycogen)
- impaired calcium release and re-uptake
- disturbance in T-tubles
- alterations in CNS neurotransmitters

120
Q
A

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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