EXAM REVIEW Flashcards
what is glucose ?
is a type of sugar that serves as a primary source of energy for the body’s cells
what is insulin ?
a hormone produced by the pancreas, specifically by beta cells in the pancreas
where is insulin produced ?
pancreas
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________ helps with glycogen production
insulin
what relating to hormonal control is engaged with in high intensities ?
glucose
what happens when we have too much glucose ?
- bring glucose into cells
- store as glycogen
- lots of strores will be in muscles
what two thing stimulate carbohydrates ?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
@ baseline level, describe epinephrine : (yellow)
surges the highest of all, hits 250 (yellow)
@ baseline level, describe norepinephrine : (red)
gradually fluctuates up with sometimes down then stabilizes going up towards 170 ish (red)
@ baseline level, describe glugacon : (green)
travels towards 100, gradually little higher to 125, then stabilizes at 100 (green)
@ baseline level, describe cortisol : (purple)
falls slightly under than serges pretty high, then eventually slowly falls down (purple)
@ baseline level, describe glucose : (blue)
stays relatively low and towards 0 the whole time (blue)
the metabolic effect of cellular glucose uptake comes from what hormone ?
insulin
the metabolic effect of glycogen synthesis comes from what hormone ?
insulin
the metabolic effect of triglyceride synthesis comes from what hormone ?
insulin
the metabolic effect of decrease in blood glucose comes from what hormone ?
insulin
the metabolic effect of liver glycogenolysis comes from what hormone ?
- glucagon
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
what are the two fight or flight hormones ?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
the metabolic effect of liver gluconeogenis comes from what hormone ?
glucagon
the metabolic effect of muscle glycogenolysis comes from what hormone ?
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- cortisol
the metabolic effect of lipolysis comes from what hormone ?
- cortisol
- epinephrine
-growth hormone
when you exercise does epinephrine go up or down ?
go up (increase)
when you exercise does norepinephrine go up or down ?
go up (increase)
what is gluconeogenesis ?
generation/creation of new glucose
where does glyconeogenesis and glycogenolysis occur /
liver
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glyconeogenesis is made in the _____ by _____
liver - glycogen
what is glycogenolysis ?
the breakdown of glucose in fasted state
during glycogenolysis, what is glycogen being broken down into ?
into glucose and preserves for starvation
why do we do glycogenolysis ?
to have preserved glucose in the fasted state
what is the formula for Va ?
VA = ___ - ____
VA = VE - VD
describe the relation between VE and VA with VD graph (black and red lined graph) :
- VE and VA both increase and surge very high
- VE is slightly higher than VA
- VD is the space between VE and VA
describe the VD/VT graph (purple) :
starts at 0.3 and does little swoop down and stabilizes at 0.2
describe the VT (L) graph (dark blue) :
tidal volume increase and eventually plateaus towards 3.0
describe the BF (breathings per min-1) graph (green) :
starts around 10 and gradually increases up towards 50 by 5.0 seconds
describe the PCO2 (mmHg)/VCO2 (L per min-1) graph (red and yellow) :
- (red) PaCO2 is completely flat at 40 then falls down at 4.5 ish VCO2 L per min
- (yellow) PvCO2 is completely flat at 52 ish and then falls down at 4.0 ish VCO2 L per min
- pH going down
describe the PO2 (mmHg) and SaO2 (%) graph (pink, orange and navy) :
- (pink) = SaO2 completely flat @ 122 ish
- (orange) = PAO2 pretty flat at 100 and gradually increases until it peaks up
- (navy) = PaO2 completely flat @ 90
why do we see buffering ?
so that we don’t get too acidic
why do we hyperventilate ?
to push the additional CO2 out
what is an incremental exercise ?
involves an increase in physical activity intensity over time, such as during a graded exercise test
describe tidal volume (TV) during incremental exercise :
at rest = TV is relative low
during incremental exercise = increase in TV
describe gas exchange during incremental exercise :
- at rest = gas exchange is occurring, but the rate is relatively balanced - during incremental
- exercise = increase oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination
describe respiratory rate during incremental exercise :
- at rest = plays a significant role in maintaining minute ventilation
- during incremental exercise = increase in respiratory rate
during incremental exercise what happens to VE, VCO2 and VO2 ?
they all increase
what are the three exercise intensity domains ?
- critical intensity
- lactate threshold
- rest
what is another name for the critical intensity domain ?
severe
what is another name for the lactate threshold domain ?
heavy
what is another name for the rest domain ?
moderate
describe the critical intensity (severe) domain :
- no metabolic & physiological steady state
- oxidative + anaerobic
- progressively worsening efficiency
- muscle & blood lactate accumulation
- hyperventilating
describe the lactate threshold (heavy) domain :
- delayed metabolic & physiological steady state
- all oxidative (anaerobic until steady state achieved)
- reduced efficiency
- elevated but stable muscle and blood lactate
- slight, stable acidosis
- hyperpnea
describe the rest (moderate) domain :
- rapid metabolic & physiological steady state
- all oxidative
0 high efficiency - no muscle and blood lactate change
- no acidosis
- hyperpnea
what is responsible for the exchange of O2 and CO2 ?
differences in partial pressure
differences in partial pressure are responsible for the exchange of O2 and CO2 that occurs between what two factors :
1) alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
2) tissues and tissue capillaries
alveolar-arterial interface =
alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
arterial-myocyte interface =
tissues and tissue capillaries
what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the alveolus ?
PO2 = 100 mmHg (bringing in a lot of oxygen)
PCO2 = 40 mmHg
what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the trachea ?
PO2 = 149 mmHG
PCO2 = 0.3 mm HG
what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the arterial blood ?
PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg
what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the tissue capillary (skeletal muscle) ?
PCO2 = 46 mmHg
PO2 = 40 mmHg
why does PCO2 in alveolar blood go from 40 to only 46 mmHg within the tissue capillary ?
because CO2 us easily dissolved in the plasma and dissociated in hemoglobin therefore only a little remaining
why does PO2 in alveolar blood for from 100 to 40 mmHg within the tissue capillary ?
because the O2 is put into muscle
what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the venous blood ?
PO2 = 40 mmHg
PCO2 = 46 mmHg
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99% of O2 is bound to _____________ and the rest is bound to ________
hemoglobin - plasma
how does O2 travel in regards to gas transport ?
- O2 is breathed in and enters the lungs.
-In the lungs, O2 crosses from air sacs (alveoli) into tiny blood vessels (capillaries) - O2 binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming oxyhemoglobin
- O2 blood travels through arteries to tissues and organs
- In capillaries near tissues, O2 is released from hemoglobin and enters cells for energy production
- O2 is used in cells for cellular respiration, producing energy
- CO2 is produced as a byproduct
- CO2 is transported back to the lungs through the bloodstream
- CO2 is expelled as we breathe out
how does CO2 travel in regards to gas transport ?
- cells produce carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct of energy production.
- CO2 enters the bloodstream and combines with water, forming bicarbonate ions.
- Bicarbonate ions are transported in the blood to the lungs.
- In the lungs, bicarbonate ions release CO2, which is exhaled during breathing.
- CO2 is expelled from the body during exhalation.
what is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifting ?
represents the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve represent ?
partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
describe the left shift :
- increase loading of O2
- increased affinity
- increased pH (alkalosis)
- decreased PCO2
- decreased temperature
what curve are we hyperthermic ?
right shift
describe the right shift :
- increased unloading (release) of O2
- decrease affinity
- increased PCO2
- increased temperature
- increased metabolic heat and acidity in active tissues
- increased O2 release
what curve are we hyperventilating ?
right shift
whats another name for a right shift ?
Bohr shift
which shift has an increase in H+ ions ?
right shift = increase H+
left shift = decrease H+
which shift is more relevant and important in regards to exercise ?
right (Bohr) shift
why do we have an unloading of O2 during a right shift ?
- presence of 2,3-DPG
- more acidic so more CO2
- right shift effects decrease hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, weakening its binding capacity and increasing the likelihood of dissociation
what are the four major parts of the cardiovascular system ?
1) heart “pump”
2) arteries “outflow conduits”
3) capillaries “drop/pick up site”
4) veins “return flow conduits”
name the formula for VO2 = _____ x _____
VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference
what is the formula for Q ?
Q = HR x SV
what is the formula for a-vO2 difference ?
a-vO2 difference = CaO2 - CvO2
what are the three divisions of SV ?
- preload
- contractibility
- afterload
in afterload, does resistance need to pump against or for ?
against
what happens when we increase preload in SV ?
it means that more blood is returning to the heart before it contracts
describe increase preloads effect on SV :
results in an increased stretch of the heart muscle fibers (ventricular myocardium) during diastole
describe frank-starling law in regards to preload and SV :
an increased preload leads to a more forceful contraction of the heart during systole
what is the systole phase of the heart ?
the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
what happens when we decrease preload in SV ?
means that less blood is returning to the heart before it contracts
what is the muscle blood flow (Ohm’s law) formula :
Q = ∆P ÷ TPR
in the muscle BF formula ( = ∆Pπr⁴ ÷ 8 η L ) “poiseuille’s law) ; what is the most important factor ?
r (restriction) ; whether we see dilation or constriction
what is most of the increase in local blood flow to any tissue usually determined by ?
the caliber of resistance vessels
what are the three muscle diffusion capacity factors ?
1) pressure gradient b/w capillary and mitochondria
2) contact area b/w RBC and myocyte
3) distance between capillary and mitochondria
is less distance from the arteriole to the mitochondria a good or bad thing ?
good
where is O2 being released from in regard to diffusive O2 delivery ?
red blood cells
how do we increase venous return ?
- physical activity
- various valves
- increase blood flow
- increase venous pressure
- increase sympathetic vasoconstriction activity
TRUE OR FALSE
an increase in venous return is necessary to an increase in cardiac output ?
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
↑ venous return =
↑ EDV =
↑ SV =
↑ CO
TRUE
what is the skeletal muscle pump ?
- helper for blood circulation
- movement squeezes nearby veins
- this squeezing action, along with one-way valves in the veins, helps push blood back up to the heart, preventing it from flowing backward
what is the respiratory muscle pump ?
- breathing-driven helper for blood circulation
- when you breathe in, your diaphragm and other respiratory muscles contract, creating a vacuum that pulls blood back to the heart from the veins in the chest and abdomen
- this assists in venous return
how does the skeletal muscle pump affect venous return ?
it assists in venous return by actively pushing blood towards the heart, which is crucial for maintaining effective blood circulation in the body
how does the respiratory muscle pump affect venous return ?
the act of breathing helps your body bring blood back to the heart, contributing to overall circulation
pressure generated by the RV, is it much more or less than the left ?
RV is must less than left ventricle
what have a higher resistance/pressure; arteries or veins ?
arteries
how many possible sites of VO2 max limitation do we discuss ?
5
what are the 5 possible sites of VO2 max limitation ?
1) pulmonary function
2) cardiac output
3) O2 carrying capacity of blood
4) muscle diffusion
5) skeletal muscle metabolic factors
