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Exercise Physiology 2230 > EXAM REVIEW > Flashcards

EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

what is glucose ?

A

is a type of sugar that serves as a primary source of energy for the body’s cells

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2
Q

what is insulin ?

A

a hormone produced by the pancreas, specifically by beta cells in the pancreas

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3
Q

where is insulin produced ?

A

pancreas

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4
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

________ helps with glycogen production

A

insulin

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5
Q

what relating to hormonal control is engaged with in high intensities ?

A

glucose

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6
Q

what happens when we have too much glucose ?

A
  • bring glucose into cells
  • store as glycogen
  • lots of strores will be in muscles
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7
Q

what two thing stimulate carbohydrates ?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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8
Q

@ baseline level, describe epinephrine : (yellow)

A

surges the highest of all, hits 250 (yellow)

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9
Q

@ baseline level, describe norepinephrine : (red)

A

gradually fluctuates up with sometimes down then stabilizes going up towards 170 ish (red)

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10
Q

@ baseline level, describe glugacon : (green)

A

travels towards 100, gradually little higher to 125, then stabilizes at 100 (green)

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11
Q

@ baseline level, describe cortisol : (purple)

A

falls slightly under than serges pretty high, then eventually slowly falls down (purple)

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12
Q

@ baseline level, describe glucose : (blue)

A

stays relatively low and towards 0 the whole time (blue)

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13
Q

the metabolic effect of cellular glucose uptake comes from what hormone ?

A

insulin

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14
Q

the metabolic effect of glycogen synthesis comes from what hormone ?

A

insulin

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15
Q

the metabolic effect of triglyceride synthesis comes from what hormone ?

A

insulin

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16
Q

the metabolic effect of decrease in blood glucose comes from what hormone ?

A

insulin

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17
Q

the metabolic effect of liver glycogenolysis comes from what hormone ?

A
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
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18
Q

what are the two fight or flight hormones ?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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19
Q

the metabolic effect of liver gluconeogenis comes from what hormone ?

A

glucagon

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20
Q

the metabolic effect of muscle glycogenolysis comes from what hormone ?

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • cortisol
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21
Q

the metabolic effect of lipolysis comes from what hormone ?

A
  • cortisol
  • epinephrine
    -growth hormone
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22
Q

when you exercise does epinephrine go up or down ?

A

go up (increase)

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23
Q

when you exercise does norepinephrine go up or down ?

A

go up (increase)

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24
Q

what is gluconeogenesis ?

A

generation/creation of new glucose

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25
Q

where does glyconeogenesis and glycogenolysis occur /

A

liver

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26
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

glyconeogenesis is made in the _____ by _____

A

liver - glycogen

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27
Q

what is glycogenolysis ?

A

the breakdown of glucose in fasted state

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28
Q

during glycogenolysis, what is glycogen being broken down into ?

A

into glucose and preserves for starvation

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29
Q

why do we do glycogenolysis ?

A

to have preserved glucose in the fasted state

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30
Q

what is the formula for Va ?

VA = ___ - ____

A

VA = VE - VD

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31
Q

describe the relation between VE and VA with VD graph (black and red lined graph) :

A
  • VE and VA both increase and surge very high
  • VE is slightly higher than VA
  • VD is the space between VE and VA
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32
Q

describe the VD/VT graph (purple) :

A

starts at 0.3 and does little swoop down and stabilizes at 0.2

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33
Q

describe the VT (L) graph (dark blue) :

A

tidal volume increase and eventually plateaus towards 3.0

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34
Q

describe the BF (breathings per min-1) graph (green) :

A

starts around 10 and gradually increases up towards 50 by 5.0 seconds

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35
Q

describe the PCO2 (mmHg)/VCO2 (L per min-1) graph (red and yellow) :

A
  • (red) PaCO2 is completely flat at 40 then falls down at 4.5 ish VCO2 L per min
  • (yellow) PvCO2 is completely flat at 52 ish and then falls down at 4.0 ish VCO2 L per min
  • pH going down
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36
Q

describe the PO2 (mmHg) and SaO2 (%) graph (pink, orange and navy) :

A
  • (pink) = SaO2 completely flat @ 122 ish
  • (orange) = PAO2 pretty flat at 100 and gradually increases until it peaks up
  • (navy) = PaO2 completely flat @ 90
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37
Q

why do we see buffering ?

A

so that we don’t get too acidic

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38
Q

why do we hyperventilate ?

A

to push the additional CO2 out

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39
Q

what is an incremental exercise ?

A

involves an increase in physical activity intensity over time, such as during a graded exercise test

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40
Q

describe tidal volume (TV) during incremental exercise :

A

at rest = TV is relative low
during incremental exercise = increase in TV

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41
Q

describe gas exchange during incremental exercise :

A
  • at rest = gas exchange is occurring, but the rate is relatively balanced - during incremental
  • exercise = increase oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination
42
Q

describe respiratory rate during incremental exercise :

A
  • at rest = plays a significant role in maintaining minute ventilation
  • during incremental exercise = increase in respiratory rate
43
Q

during incremental exercise what happens to VE, VCO2 and VO2 ?

A

they all increase

44
Q

what are the three exercise intensity domains ?

A
  • critical intensity
  • lactate threshold
  • rest
45
Q

what is another name for the critical intensity domain ?

A

severe

46
Q

what is another name for the lactate threshold domain ?

A

heavy

47
Q

what is another name for the rest domain ?

A

moderate

48
Q

describe the critical intensity (severe) domain :

A
  • no metabolic & physiological steady state
  • oxidative + anaerobic
  • progressively worsening efficiency
  • muscle & blood lactate accumulation
  • hyperventilating
49
Q

describe the lactate threshold (heavy) domain :

A
  • delayed metabolic & physiological steady state
  • all oxidative (anaerobic until steady state achieved)
  • reduced efficiency
  • elevated but stable muscle and blood lactate
  • slight, stable acidosis
  • hyperpnea
50
Q

describe the rest (moderate) domain :

A
  • rapid metabolic & physiological steady state
  • all oxidative
    0 high efficiency
  • no muscle and blood lactate change
  • no acidosis
  • hyperpnea
51
Q

what is responsible for the exchange of O2 and CO2 ?

A

differences in partial pressure

52
Q

differences in partial pressure are responsible for the exchange of O2 and CO2 that occurs between what two factors :

A

1) alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
2) tissues and tissue capillaries

53
Q

alveolar-arterial interface =

A

alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

54
Q

arterial-myocyte interface =

A

tissues and tissue capillaries

55
Q

what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the alveolus ?

A

PO2 = 100 mmHg (bringing in a lot of oxygen)
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

56
Q

what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the trachea ?

A

PO2 = 149 mmHG
PCO2 = 0.3 mm HG

57
Q

what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the arterial blood ?

A

PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

58
Q

what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the tissue capillary (skeletal muscle) ?

A

PCO2 = 46 mmHg
PO2 = 40 mmHg

59
Q

why does PCO2 in alveolar blood go from 40 to only 46 mmHg within the tissue capillary ?

A

because CO2 us easily dissolved in the plasma and dissociated in hemoglobin therefore only a little remaining

60
Q

why does PO2 in alveolar blood for from 100 to 40 mmHg within the tissue capillary ?

A

because the O2 is put into muscle

61
Q

what is PCO2 and PO2 (mmHG) within the venous blood ?

A

PO2 = 40 mmHg
PCO2 = 46 mmHg

62
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

99% of O2 is bound to _____________ and the rest is bound to ________

A

hemoglobin - plasma

63
Q

how does O2 travel in regards to gas transport ?

A
  • O2 is breathed in and enters the lungs.
    -In the lungs, O2 crosses from air sacs (alveoli) into tiny blood vessels (capillaries)
  • O2 binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming oxyhemoglobin
  • O2 blood travels through arteries to tissues and organs
  • In capillaries near tissues, O2 is released from hemoglobin and enters cells for energy production
  • O2 is used in cells for cellular respiration, producing energy
  • CO2 is produced as a byproduct
  • CO2 is transported back to the lungs through the bloodstream
  • CO2 is expelled as we breathe out
64
Q

how does CO2 travel in regards to gas transport ?

A
  • cells produce carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct of energy production.
  • CO2 enters the bloodstream and combines with water, forming bicarbonate ions.
  • Bicarbonate ions are transported in the blood to the lungs.
  • In the lungs, bicarbonate ions release CO2, which is exhaled during breathing.
  • CO2 is expelled from the body during exhalation.
65
Q

what is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifting ?

A

represents the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

66
Q

what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve represent ?

A

partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

67
Q

describe the left shift :

A
  • increase loading of O2
  • increased affinity
  • increased pH (alkalosis)
  • decreased PCO2
  • decreased temperature
68
Q

what curve are we hyperthermic ?

A

right shift

69
Q

describe the right shift :

A
  • increased unloading (release) of O2
  • decrease affinity
  • increased PCO2
  • increased temperature
  • increased metabolic heat and acidity in active tissues
  • increased O2 release
70
Q

what curve are we hyperventilating ?

A

right shift

71
Q

whats another name for a right shift ?

A

Bohr shift

72
Q

which shift has an increase in H+ ions ?

A

right shift = increase H+
left shift = decrease H+

73
Q

which shift is more relevant and important in regards to exercise ?

A

right (Bohr) shift

74
Q

why do we have an unloading of O2 during a right shift ?

A
  • presence of 2,3-DPG
  • more acidic so more CO2
  • right shift effects decrease hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, weakening its binding capacity and increasing the likelihood of dissociation
75
Q

what are the four major parts of the cardiovascular system ?

A

1) heart “pump”
2) arteries “outflow conduits”
3) capillaries “drop/pick up site”
4) veins “return flow conduits”

76
Q

name the formula for VO2 = _____ x _____

A

VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference

77
Q

what is the formula for Q ?

A

Q = HR x SV

78
Q

what is the formula for a-vO2 difference ?

A

a-vO2 difference = CaO2 - CvO2

79
Q

what are the three divisions of SV ?

A
  • preload
  • contractibility
  • afterload
80
Q

in afterload, does resistance need to pump against or for ?

A

against

81
Q

what happens when we increase preload in SV ?

A

it means that more blood is returning to the heart before it contracts

82
Q

describe increase preloads effect on SV :

A

results in an increased stretch of the heart muscle fibers (ventricular myocardium) during diastole

83
Q

describe frank-starling law in regards to preload and SV :

A

an increased preload leads to a more forceful contraction of the heart during systole

84
Q

what is the systole phase of the heart ?

A

the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

85
Q

what happens when we decrease preload in SV ?

A

means that less blood is returning to the heart before it contracts

86
Q

what is the muscle blood flow (Ohm’s law) formula :

A

Q = ∆P ÷ TPR

87
Q

in the muscle BF formula ( = ∆Pπr⁴ ÷ 8 η L ) “poiseuille’s law) ; what is the most important factor ?

A

r (restriction) ; whether we see dilation or constriction

88
Q

what is most of the increase in local blood flow to any tissue usually determined by ?

A

the caliber of resistance vessels

89
Q

what are the three muscle diffusion capacity factors ?

A

1) pressure gradient b/w capillary and mitochondria
2) contact area b/w RBC and myocyte
3) distance between capillary and mitochondria

90
Q

is less distance from the arteriole to the mitochondria a good or bad thing ?

A

good

91
Q

where is O2 being released from in regard to diffusive O2 delivery ?

A

red blood cells

92
Q

how do we increase venous return ?

A
  • physical activity
  • various valves
  • increase blood flow
  • increase venous pressure
  • increase sympathetic vasoconstriction activity
93
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

an increase in venous return is necessary to an increase in cardiac output ?

A

TRUE

94
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

↑ venous return =
↑ EDV =
↑ SV =
↑ CO

A

TRUE

95
Q

what is the skeletal muscle pump ?

A
  • helper for blood circulation
  • movement squeezes nearby veins
  • this squeezing action, along with one-way valves in the veins, helps push blood back up to the heart, preventing it from flowing backward
96
Q

what is the respiratory muscle pump ?

A
  • breathing-driven helper for blood circulation
  • when you breathe in, your diaphragm and other respiratory muscles contract, creating a vacuum that pulls blood back to the heart from the veins in the chest and abdomen
  • this assists in venous return
97
Q

how does the skeletal muscle pump affect venous return ?

A

it assists in venous return by actively pushing blood towards the heart, which is crucial for maintaining effective blood circulation in the body

98
Q

how does the respiratory muscle pump affect venous return ?

A

the act of breathing helps your body bring blood back to the heart, contributing to overall circulation

99
Q

pressure generated by the RV, is it much more or less than the left ?

A

RV is must less than left ventricle

100
Q

what have a higher resistance/pressure; arteries or veins ?

A

arteries

101
Q

how many possible sites of VO2 max limitation do we discuss ?

A

5

102
Q

what are the 5 possible sites of VO2 max limitation ?

A

1) pulmonary function
2) cardiac output
3) O2 carrying capacity of blood
4) muscle diffusion
5) skeletal muscle metabolic factors

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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