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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 10 - hormonal control during exercise > Flashcards

LESSON 10 - hormonal control during exercise Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four ways of substrate utilization during exercise ?

A
  • muscle glycogen
  • muscle triglycerides
  • plasma Free Fatty Acids
  • plasma glucose
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2
Q

“during exercise, a significant quantity metabolic substrate comes from ________ “

A

the blood

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3
Q

how do we maintain adequate levels of these substrate and regulate the delivery of these substrates ?

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

what is blood glucose homeostasis ?

A

ability to maintain blood glucose at resting levels

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5
Q

what are the two reasons maintenance of blood glucose levels during exercise is critically important ?

A
  • glucose is a major substrate for metabolism
  • glucose is the only fuel acceptable to the brain and other CNS tissues
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6
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

“a lot of the energy that our muscles cells / all the tissues in our body produce come from ________ “

A

glucose that is stored

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7
Q

what is our main energy source ?

A

glucose levels

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8
Q

what is the term given to those who cannot control their level of blood glucose very well ?

A

diabetic

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9
Q

why can CNS tissues only use glucose ?

A

glucose recevoir for the brain

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10
Q

what is normal resting blood glucose concentration in Canada ?

A

4.0 - 5.5 mol/L

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11
Q

what is normal resting blood glucose concentration in the US ?

A

90 - 100 mg/dL

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12
Q

does exercise increase or decrease glucose uptake from blood ?

A

increase

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13
Q

with every contraction what do we take more of ?

A

ATP

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14
Q

what initiated a cascade of signalling pathways that leads to the glucose uptake from blood ?

A

muscle contractions

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15
Q

what is the order of signalling pathways for glucose uptake ?

A
  • contraction
  • increase AMP, ATP ratio
  • AMPK
  • glut-4 vesicle
  • glut-4 in plasma membrane
    (goes either to blood vessel or ATP)
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16
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

“the more we overuse glucose, the more we ________ “

A

deplete

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17
Q

with every contraction what do we take more of ?

A

more ATP

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18
Q

where does insulin attach to glucose ?

A

glut-4 vesicle

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19
Q

when insulin attaches to glucose what receptor does it go to ?

A

glut-4 vesicle

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20
Q

what causes an increase in glut-4 vesicle transporters ?

A

exercise

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21
Q

what are glut-4 vesicles ?

A

transporters to the sarcolemma or plasma membrane of the muscle cells

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22
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

“glucose cannot enter the cell unless these ___________ for transporters are present on the plasma membrane “

A

glut-4 vesicles

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

we store much glucose in our blood

A

FALSE

we do not store much glucose in our blood

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24
Q

can we rely on the glucose thats stored in the blood on its own ?

A

NO - we cannot rely on the glucose thats stores in the blood on its own to allow us to sustain any level of exercise or exercise intensity

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25
Q

what would happen if glucose stored in blood were the only fuel ?

A

(and its use was not immediately compensated for) blood glucose would fall rapidly

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26
Q

what happens to insulin as you exercise ?

A
  • insulin drops as you exercise
  • your body wants glucagon
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27
Q

a trick to know when glucagon is needed :

A

glucagon = glucose is gone

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28
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

when we do not have enough glucose it raises blood glucose levels

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29
Q

what is glucagon ?

A

hormone the breaks down glycogen

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30
Q

what is insulin ?

A

peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas

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31
Q

what does insulin do ?

A

takes glucose and stores it in the liver till your body needs it

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32
Q

what are the two ways we replenish blood glucose ?

A

glycogenolysis and glycogenesis

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33
Q

what is glycogenesis ?

A

production of new glucose molecules

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34
Q

what is glycogenolysis ?

A

breakdown of glycogen

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35
Q

what organ is a major player in the maintenance of glucose in the blood during exercise & the delivery of glucose to muscles during exercise ?

A

the liver

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36
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

increase release of glucose into the blood come from the ______, _____ and _______-

A

liver, gut and kidneys

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37
Q

what is hepatic glucose production ?

A

release of glucose from the liver

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38
Q

between gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, which is anabolic vs catabolic ?

A

gluconeogenesis = anabolic reactions
gycogenolysis = catabolic reactions

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39
Q

what are the two ways in which the liver can help maintain blood glucose from the liver ?

A

gluconeogenesis and gycogenolysis

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40
Q

between gluconeogenesis and gycogenolysis which has pyruvic acid and which glycogen ?

A

gluconeogenesis = pyruvic acid
gycogenolysis = glycogen

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41
Q

what are the steps of glycogenolysis ?

A

glycogen - >
< - glycogen phosphorylase
glucose 1 phosphate
< - phosphoglucomutase
G6P
becomes glucose

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42
Q

what are the steps of gluconeogenesis ?

A

( from lactic acid ) pyruvic acid - >
< - some amino acids (oxalic acid)
< - (from breakdown triglycerides) glycerol from lipids (DHAP)
G6P
becomes glucose

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43
Q

what is lipid mobilization ?

A

run out of glucose so you use triglycerides

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44
Q

where does lipid mobilization travel starting from adipose tissue and ending with the muscle ?

A

adipose tissue - blood plasma - muscle

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45
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

“thorough ______ we can release those free fatty acids into the blood”

A

lipolysis

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46
Q

triglycerides are how many kcal ?

A

50,000-100,000 kcal

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47
Q

what are the two pathways that triglycerides go to ?

A

FFA or glycerol

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48
Q

how do triglycerides travel through glycerol ?

A
  • triglycerides in adipose tissue
  • glycerol in blood plasma
    -intramuscular triglyceride also to glycerol in blood plasma
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49
Q

how do triglycerides travel through FFA ?

A
  • triglycerides in adipose tissue
  • FFA in adipose tissue
  • FFA-albuilmin-> FFA
  • Fatty Acids in muscle
50
Q

how does the body “know” to increase glucose production in liver or to mobilize fat stores ?

A

glucose homeostasis

51
Q

glucose homeostasis during exercise is maintained through what two physiological regulations ?

A

endocrine and nervous system

52
Q

what is endocrine system ?

A

chemical communication

53
Q

what is nervous system ?

A

electrical communication

54
Q

what does the endocrine system do ?

A

controls all physiological processes that support exercise and maintain homeostasis

55
Q

how does the endocrine system do its job ?

A

by releasing hormones

56
Q

how do hormones work ?

A

signaling molecules, produced and released by glands that are transported by the circulatory system to target organs where they act to regulate physiology

57
Q

what triggers the secretion of hormones ?

A

triggered by negative feedback

58
Q

what is a negative feedback ?

A

correcting an “error signal” - like your thermostat !!

59
Q

how are hormones secreted ?

A

secreted in pulsatile bursts (plasma concentration fluctuates by minutes to hours, days to weeks)

60
Q

how do hormones bind to receptors ?

A

bind to specific receptors (no receptor = no effect)

61
Q

give two examples of receptors :

A
  • insulin binds to insulin receptors
  • norepinephrine binds to alpha receptors
62
Q

what is the action of hormones ?

A

exert effect after binding with receptor (do not directly affect cell activity)

63
Q

what are the four important endocrine glands we’re talking about for metabolic regulation ?

A
  • pancrease
  • adrenal gland
  • anterior pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
64
Q

what do the hormones released by the pancrease, adrenal gland, anterior pituitary gland and thyroid gland regulate ?

A

mobilization of fats and carbs `

65
Q

what does the hypothalamus do ?

A

regulates homeostasis

66
Q

what are the two parts of the pituitary glands ?

A

anterior and posterior

67
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland responsible for ?

A

ADH and oxytocin

68
Q

what is the anterior pituitary gland responsible for ?

A

everything else

69
Q

what is the thyroid gland responsible for ?

A

TSH and Basal Metabolic Rate

70
Q

what are the two hormones released by the thyroid gland ?

A

T3 and T4

71
Q

what are the four main parts of the adrenal glands ?

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • androgens
  • epinephrine
72
Q

what happens to cortisol levels when stressed ?

A

cortisol levels elevated

73
Q

what is the pancreas responsible for ?

A

endocrine regulation of metabolism

74
Q

what are the two things the pancreas is responsible for ?

A

insulin and glucagon

75
Q

what does insulin do ?

A

lowers blood glucose

76
Q

what does glucagon do ?

A

raises blood pressure

77
Q

what does insulin counter and oppose ?

A

counters hyperglycaemia and opposes glucagon

78
Q

what does glucagon counter and oppose ?

A

counters hypoglycaemia and opposes insulin

79
Q

which type of diabetes is more autoimmune ?

A

type 1

80
Q

describe type 1 diabetes :

A
  • absolute insulin deficiency
  • no insulin production
81
Q

which type of diabetes is more genetic link ?

A

type 2

82
Q

describe type 2 diabetes :

A
  • impaired glucose control
  • inadequate insulin production
  • reduced effect of insulin
83
Q

in which diabetes are beta cells overworked ?

A

type 2

84
Q

which diabetes type has an inadequate insulin production ?

A

type 2

85
Q

which diabetes type has no insulin production ?

A

type 1

86
Q

does insulin lower or raise glucose ?

A

lowers

87
Q

does glucagon lower or raise glucose ?

A

raises

88
Q

what are the two organs that take up glucose from bloodstream ?

A

muscle and liver

89
Q

what two types of cells are found in the pancreas ?

A

alpha and beta cells

90
Q

does glucose increase or decrease beta cells in the pancreas ?

A

increase

91
Q

does glucose increase or decrease alpha cells in the pancreas ?

A

decreases

92
Q

what does insulin bind to ?

A

insulin sensitive receptor

93
Q

what is “released by vesicles within the cytosol of the muscle and translocates to the plasma membrane where they can then accept glucose from the blood”

A

glut-4 vesicle

94
Q

what does the glut-4 vesicle open up ?

A

the plasma membrane

95
Q

once glucose enters the plasma membrane how many options (pathways) does it have ?

A

2

96
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

where does glucose go once in the plasma membrane ? _________ or ________

A

blood vessel or glycolysis to form ATP

97
Q

in a healthy individual, during moderate to heavy exercise, does blood glucose change much (even after 3 hours) ?

A

blood glucose does not change much even after 3 hours

98
Q

during moderate-to-haevy exercise, describe insulin concentration :

A

insulin concentration falls

99
Q

why does insulin concentration fall during moderate-to-heavy exercise ?

A

less glucose uptake; more plasma glucose

100
Q

during moderate-to-haevy exercise, describe glucagon concentration :

A

glucagon concentration raises

101
Q

why does glucagon concentration raise during moderate-to-heavy exercise ?

A

more liver glycogenolysis and glucose raises

102
Q

where is the adrenal medulla located ?

A

above each kidney

103
Q

what does the adrenal medulla release ?

A

catecholamines (fight or flight)

104
Q

where is epinephrine and norepinephrine released by ?

A

adrenal glands

105
Q

does exercise increase or decrease the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

increases

106
Q

what does increased sympathetic nervous system do in regards to epinephrine and norepinephrine levels ?

A

increases

107
Q

what does epinephrine and norepinephrine release cause :

A
  • stimulate glycogenolysis in muscle and liver
  • stimulate and maintains lipolysis (epi)
  • suppress insulin secretion
108
Q

what does all of the following have in common :

  • heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
  • blood flow to skeletal muscle
A

increased delivery of glucose and FFA to active muscle

109
Q

cellular glucose uptake is the metabolic effect from what hormone ?

A

insulin

110
Q

lipolysis is the metabolic effect from what hormone ?

A

cortisol, epinephrine and growth hormone

111
Q

glycogen synthesis is the metabolic effect from what hormone ?

A

insulin

112
Q

muscle glycogenolysis is the metabolic effect from what hormone ?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol

113
Q

liver gluconeogenesis is the metabolic effect from what hormone ?

A

glucagon

114
Q

liver glycogenolysis is the metabolic effect from what hormone ?

A

glucagon, epinephrine and norepinephrine

115
Q

decrease in blood glucose is the metabolic effect from what hormone ?

A

insulin

116
Q

triglyceride synthesis is the metabolic effect from what hormone ?

A

insulin

117
Q

what regulates the shift in substrate utilization throughout exercise ?

A

hormones

118
Q

what is the skeletal muscles preferred source of fuel ?

A

stored glycogen

119
Q

with prolonged exercise, when muscle glycogen stores are depleted, what do we rely on ?

A

rely increasingly more on delivery of fat in the form of free fatty acids

120
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

_________ must remain available to the brain always.

A

glucose

121
Q

what regulates the shift in substrate utilization and mobilization of fat and carbohydrate stores ?

A

hormones

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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