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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 5 - bioenergetics of muscle metabolism in the mitochondria > Flashcards

LESSON 5 - bioenergetics of muscle metabolism in the mitochondria Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four sources of ATP resynthesis during “all-out” exercise ?

A
  • ATP
  • glycolysis
  • PCr
  • Oxidative
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2
Q

between ATP, glycolysis and PCr, which is “stored in very limited quantities”?

A

ATP

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3
Q

between ATP, glycolysis and PCr, which is “found within your muscles”?

A

PCr

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4
Q

which are two substrate level phosphate/anerobic metabolic pathways that can help us re-synthesize ATP so that we can continue to exercise ?

A

PCr and Glycolysis

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5
Q

what does the Krebs cycle need to function ?

A

oxygen

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6
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
_________ contributes to ATP resynthesis requirements but has a low ATP yield

A

glycolysis

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7
Q

which source of ATP during “all-out” exercise leads to NO exhaustion ?

A

Oxidative

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8
Q

what source provides a lot of ATP for an indefinite amount of time ?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

what are the two non oxidative energy sources ?

A
  • phosphocreatine
  • glycolysis / glycogenolysis
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10
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
___________ can sustain ATP resynthesis requirements indefinitely

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

what is glycolysis ?

A

the breakdown of glucose

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12
Q

what is glycogenolysis ?

A

the breakdown of glycogen

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13
Q

where do non oxidative energy sources exclusively occur ?

A

within the muscle fiber cytosol (sarcoplasm)

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14
Q

where do oxidative energy sources exclusively occur ?

A

in the mitochondria

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15
Q

what are the two oxidative energy sources ?

A
  • citric acid cycle / electron transport
  • fatty acids from beta oxidation
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16
Q

ADP + P + energy = ATP via _____________

A

phosphorylation

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17
Q

what is an example of moderate-intensity exercise ?

A

walking

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18
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
________________ efficiently sustains all the ATP resynthesis once steady state is achieved

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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19
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
______________ contribute very little at the beginning and not at all during steady state

A

PCr and glycolysis/glycogenolysis

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20
Q

describe the order once you begin with glucose or glycogen …

A

becomes G6P eventually becomes pyruvate

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21
Q

what does it mean if were in the aerobic state ?

A

lacking oxygen

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22
Q

what does it mean for pyruvate if were in the aerobic state ?

A

not able to put pyruvate in Krebs cycle and turns into lactate which eventually becomes pyruvate again

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23
Q

what does it mean if you have lactate acid buildup ?

A

the muscles get tired and may not be able to contract as effectively (muscle cramp)

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24
Q

what happens if you have a stockpile of pyruvate ?

A

slows down glycolysis

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25
Q

what are the four key components of the mitochondria ?

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. inner membrame
  3. intermembrane space
  4. matrix
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26
Q

define the outer membrane of the mitochondria :

A

contains proteins and lipids and special pores that allow entry to most ions and small molecules

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27
Q

define the inner membrane of the mitochondria :

A

loaded with proteins and enzymes for transferring electrons to O2 and impermeable to most ions and polar molecules unless they have specific transporters

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28
Q

define the intermembrane space of the mitochondria :

A

contains key proteins including creatine kinase and cytochrome c

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29
Q

define the matrix of the mitochondria :

A

viscous medium containing all enzymes for the citric acid cycle

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30
Q

which component of the mitochondria is quite permeable to things ?

A

outer membrane

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31
Q

which component of the mitochondria increases SA ?

A

inner membrane

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32
Q

which component of the mitochondria transfers electrons to oxygen ?

A

inner membrane

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33
Q

which component of the mitochondria is where the citric acid cycle occurs ?

A

intermembrane space

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34
Q

which component of the mitochondria is where many enzymes are present ?

A

matrix `

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35
Q

in skeletal muscle where is the mitochondria found ?

A

beneath the sarcolemma and between myofibrils

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36
Q

why is mitochondria found where it in within skeletal muscles ?

A

mitochondria us used to resynthesize ATP therefore found between myofibrils since that’s where ATP is located for muscle contractions

37
Q

what is the term for contracting fibers ?

A

myofibrils

38
Q

what type of reaction is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ?

A

irreversible reaction

39
Q

the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by which enzyme ?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

40
Q

what does it mean if a reaction is irreversible ?

A

only goes in one direction

41
Q

where is pyruvate located ?

A

cytosol

42
Q

where is coenzyme A located ?

A

mitochondria

43
Q

what is the general reaction for pyruvate to acetyl CoA ?

A

2 pyruvate +2CoA+2NAD = 2 acetyl-CoA +2CO2 +2NADH+2H

44
Q

how does pyruvate travel from the cytosol into the mitochondria ?

A

transport protein

45
Q

why is CO2 important within a pyruvate to acetyl-CoA reaction ?

A

gas exchange; one of the ways we make CO2 in our skeletal muscles

46
Q

why is NADH important ?

A

for oxidative phosphorylation (because those are carrying electrons to the electron transport chain)

47
Q

what is TCA ?

A

tricarboxylic acid (aka Krebs cycle)

48
Q

what is the second stage of carbohydrate breakdown ?

A

Krebs cycle (TCA)

49
Q

what oxydizes acetyl-CoA ?

A

TCA (the Krebs cycle)

50
Q

what is the Krebs cycle ?

A

sequence of metabolic events that remove 4 electrons pairs from acetyl groups and attach 3 pairs to coenzymes NAD and 1 pair to FAD

51
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
“much of the free energy of oxidation of acetyl-coA is concerned in the reduced coenzymes ________ and ________”

A

NADH and FADH2

52
Q

in regards to REDOX reactions what does “OIL” stand for ?

A

oxidation involved LOSS of electron

53
Q

in regards to REDOX reactions what does “RIG” stand for ?

A

reduction involves GAIN of electron

54
Q

between “OIL” and “RIG” which includes a gain of oxygen or loss of H ?

A

OIL

55
Q

between “OIL” and “RIG” which includes a loss of oxygen or gain of H ?

A

RIL

56
Q

what is GTP used for ?

A

used to resynthesize an ATP

57
Q

what is GDP ?

A

high energy phosphate similar to ATP or ADP

58
Q

what is the malate-aspartate shuttle ?

A

translocates electrons from glycolysis across the inner membrane of mitochondria

59
Q

why is the malate-aspartate shuttle required ?

A

because the inner membrane is impermeable to NADH

60
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

___________ is the primary electron donor t the electron transport train

A

NADH

61
Q

what do we use since NADH is impermeable to the inner membrane of the mitochondria ?

A

malate-aspartate shuttle

62
Q

what is NADH in regards to the Krebs cycle ?

A

byproduct of the Krebs cycle

63
Q

what does ETC stand for ?

A

electron transport chain

64
Q

what does the electron transport chain do ?

A

transfer electrons and releases energy from it

65
Q

what is the ETC ?

A

a series of proteins and organic molecules packed in the inner membrane that transfer electrons (from NADH & FADH) from one member of the ETC to another in a series of redox reactions

66
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

energy released in these ETC reactions transfer protons ___ from the matrix to intermebrane space creating a proton gradient across that provides an electrochemical potential energy

A

H

67
Q

what chain “breaks a bond in order to release energy “ ?

A

electron transport chain

68
Q

what happens to the ETC if there is no O2 ?

A

ETC will stop running

69
Q

where is O2 present within the electron transport chain ?

A

O2 is present at the end of the chain where it accepts electrons to form water

70
Q

the byproducts of the Krebs cycle go where and to do what ?

A

go to the electron transport cycle to produce ATP

71
Q

how many steps of the ETC are there ?

A

4

72
Q

name the four ETC steps :

A
  1. delivery of electron by NADH and FADH2
  2. electron transfer and proton pumping
  3. splitting of O2 to form H2O
  4. ATP resynthesis
73
Q

what happens in step 1 of the ETC ?

A

transfer electron pairs to molecules near the start of the ETC, turn back to NAD and FAD

74
Q

what happens in step 2 of the ETC ?

A
  • as electrons pass through chain, they move from higher to lower energy level, releasing energy
  • energy is used to pump H out of the matrix to establish an electrochemical gradient
75
Q

what happens in step 3 of the ETC ?

A

at the end of chain, 2 electrons are transferred to O2 which splits in half and takes up 2H to form H2O

76
Q

what happens in step 4 of the ETC ?

A

H ions flow down their gradient and back into matric massing through an ATP synthase enzyme which uses the proton flow to synthesize ATP

77
Q

which step of the ETC is most important ?

A

step 4

78
Q

what happens if one o the chains of the ETC is destroyed ?

A

you can still use the others

79
Q

what are the three stages of oxidation of carbohydrates ?

A

stage 1 = glycolysis
stage 2 = Krebs cycle
stage 3 = electron transport chain

80
Q

within the Krebs cycle how many ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized is created ?

A

32

81
Q

the continual ATP process is called __________-

A

oxidative phosphorylation

82
Q

what are the three prerequisites of continual ATP resynthesis during coupled oxidative phosphorylation of macronutrients ?

A
  1. availability of reducing agents NADH or FADH2
  2. presence of a terminal oxidizing agent as oxygen
  3. sufficient quantity of enzymes and metabolic machinery in tissues to make energy transfer reactions “go” at appropriate sequence and rate
83
Q

why do we break down carbs ?

A

to yield ATP that owe require for our cells to function

84
Q

what is the Creatine Kinase and the PCr shuttle ?

A

connects sites of ATP production with sub cellular sites of ATP utilization

85
Q

what does CK stand for ?

A

creatine kinase

86
Q

where is CK found in ?

A

both the intermembrane space and the cytosol

87
Q

what happens with ATP if you increase exercise intensity ?

A

the need to resynthesize ATP will increase

88
Q

where in the circulation is O2 distributed ?

A

red blood cells

89
Q
A

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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