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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 19 - control of blood flow during exercise > Flashcards

LESSON 19 - control of blood flow during exercise Flashcards

1
Q

how do cardiac output and muscle blood flow increase ? (proportional to what)

A

increase in proportion to metabolic rate

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2
Q

when we increase our cardiac output as a function of exercise intensity what do we also match ?

A

match it very well with our muscle blood flow

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3
Q

what is hyperemic ?

A

higher blood flow than normal

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4
Q

what is the formula for Q = ?

A

Q = HR x SV

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5
Q

how does HR rise ?

A

linearly

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6
Q

how does SV increase ?

A

increases initially and then plateaus as HR increases

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7
Q

an increase in HR, CO, SV and VO2 means an increase or decrease in ATP ?

A

increase in ATP

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8
Q

what is the SA node innervated by ?

A

the autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

what controls heart rate ?

A

SA node

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10
Q

what does the SA node inhibit ?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

what is vagus ?

A

slows down HR and runs parallel to carotid arteries to the heart

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12
Q

what is responsible for slowing down heart rate ?

A

vagus

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13
Q

what is the vagus anatomically …

A

a nerve (cranial nerve 10)

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14
Q

what is the increase in contractility during exercise ?

A

inotropy

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15
Q

what is inotropy ?

A

is the strengthening/weakening function of the cardiac tissue

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16
Q

why is inotropy a good thing ?

A

helps you push more blood

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17
Q

what is term used to define (increasing contractibility) ?

A

inotropy

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18
Q

define “inotrope” :

A

agent that alters the force of muscle contraction

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19
Q

what are the two examples of positive inotropes ?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

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20
Q

what does an increase positive inotrope concentration mean for cardiac muscle tension for a given preload and rate of muscle tension development ?

A

increase cardiac muscle tension for a given preload and increased rate of muscle tension development

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21
Q

if there is an increase cardiac muscle tension is it better or worse able to go againts resistance ?

A

better able

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22
Q

what does an increase in inotropy mean for SV ?

A

increase in SV

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23
Q

during exercise what happens to inotropy ?

A

increase in inotropy

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24
Q

during exercise when we have an increase in inotropy what do we see ?

A
  • increase firing of sympathetic nerves innervating ventricle
  • increase circulating catecholamines
  • intensity-dependent
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25
Q

what are the two catecholamines ?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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26
Q

where do catecholamines come from ?

A

adrenal glands

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27
Q

what happens to sympathetic input to the heart with higher exercise intensity ?

A

the higher the exercise intensity, the more sympathetic input to the heart, the more the higher the contraction fo circulating catecholamines and the greater the contractibility will be

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28
Q

does muscle contraction help with increased or decreased venous return ?

A

increased

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29
Q

why does muscle contraction help with venous return ?

A

propels blood away from muscle and back to the heart

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30
Q

what does an increase in VR mean for SV ?

A

increase in SV

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31
Q

what do central effects do ?

A

allows us to increase our venous return

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32
Q

what does more contractions lead to an increase in ?

A

increase in VR and increase in SV

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33
Q

what does it mean when theres an increase in SV ?

A

more blood to heart

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34
Q

why does HR increase ?

A

because we have an increase in sympathetic nervous system drive to the heart

35
Q

over time which organs decrease blood circulation to focus more on muscles during increased activity ?

A

GI tract organs (stomach, liver, etc)

36
Q

what are the two muscle pump effects ?

A

central and peripheral

37
Q

what do peripheral effects do ?

A

muscle contraction increases arterial flow (mechanical)

38
Q

what term pumps our blood away faster ?

A

peripheral effects

39
Q

at any pressure, flow through blood vessels is regulate by modifications in what ?

A

local vascular resistance

40
Q

what are the three types of arterioles (in regards to diameter) ?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • normal arteriole
  • vasodilation
41
Q

define vasoconstriction :

A

reduce radius and increase resistance

42
Q

define vasodilation :

A

increase radius and decrease resistance

43
Q

between vasoconstriction and vasodilation which is non-active tissue ?

A

non-active tissue = vasoconstriction

44
Q

between vasoconstriction and vasodilation which is active tissue ?

A

vasodilation

45
Q

how many things are there in regards to the diversion of blood flow ?

A

5

46
Q

between the 5 things in regards to the diversion of blood flow; how many are vasoconstriction and how many vasodilation ?

A

vasoconstriction = 2
vasodilation = 3

47
Q

describe the three vasodilation factors in regards to the diversion of blood flow :

A
  • vasodilator formation in skeletal muscle
  • flo-induced vasodilation
  • myogenic vasodilation
48
Q

describe the two vasoconstriction factors in regards to the diversion of blood flow :

A
  • sympathetic vasoconstriction
  • circulating vasoconstrictors
49
Q

what innervates the smooth muscle in arterioles ?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

50
Q

is the baseline sympathetic activity always on ? yes or no ?

A

yes always on

51
Q

what is the vasomotor tone ?

A

the end result of a complex set of interactions that control relaxation and contraction of blood vessels

52
Q

an increase in sympathetic activity leads to an increased or decreased vasoconstriction ?

A

increased vasoconstriction

53
Q

a decrease in sympathetic activity leads to an increased or decreased vasoconstriction ?

A

decreased vasoconstriction

54
Q

what is another term for passive vasodilation ?

A

vasoconstriction

55
Q

what does an increase (more impulses) of sympathetic activity lead to in regards of NE and neurotransmitters ?

A

more NE and neurotransmitters to the smooth muscles

56
Q

where does sympathetic activity come from ?

A

coming from the CNS

57
Q

what innervates the adrenal medulla ?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

vasoconstriction doesn’t cause smooth muscle relaxation

A

TRUE

58
Q

does an increase in sympathetic activity increase or decrease catecholamine release ?

A

increases

59
Q

what are two catecholamines ?

A

NE and Epi

60
Q

what does increased circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine lead to ?

A
  • increased vasoconstriction non-active tissues
  • increased HR and contractility
  • increased glycogenolysis and glycogenesis (liver and muscle)
61
Q

what does increased vasoconstriction of non-active tissues mean for dilation in muscle ?

A

it means that areas that need more blood will get it

62
Q

when we don’t want / need blood what does the body do ?

A

vasoconstriction

63
Q

why do we have glycogenolysis near the muscles ?

A

to keep glucose stores close to where it is needed

64
Q

describe the pathway of vasoconstriction control :

A
  • hypothalmus
  • nerve impulses
  • spinal cord
  • adrenal medula
  • catecholamines (Epi and NE)
65
Q

what does increase catecholamine release (due to increased sympathetic activity) lead to (in regards to blood vessels ?

A

vasoconstriction of non-active tissues

66
Q

what does MSNA stand for ?

A

muscle sympathetic nerve activity

67
Q

what does splanchnic mean ?

A

organs in abdominal cavity

68
Q

in regards to the formula for resistance what is the most important factor ?

A

radius

69
Q

is intrinsic control the constrictor or dilator side ?

A

dilator side (vasodilator control)

70
Q

how many types of intrinsic control are there ?

A

3

71
Q

name the three types of intrinsic control :

A
  • metabolic
  • endothelial
  • myogenic
72
Q

define metabolic intrinsic control :

A

chemical agents released as consequence of metabolism directly on smooth muscle

73
Q

define endothelial intrinsic control :

A

dilator substances produced within endothelium of arterioles in response to various stimuli

74
Q

what is endothelium ?

A

the inner lining of arterioles

75
Q

the following is seen in what type of intrinsic control ?

nitric oxide, prostaglandins, endothelium-derived hyper polarizing factor

A

endothelial

76
Q

the following is seen in what type of intrinsic control ?

increased CO2, K, H and lactic acid

A

metabolic

77
Q

define shear stress :

A

when we increase that release of nitric oxide from the endothelial cell & nitric oxide has a basal relaxation/vasodilation effect on the smooth muscle

78
Q

what does increased flow within endothelial intrinsic control do ?

A

helps get O2 rich blood to where it is needed

79
Q

is nitric oxide a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor ?

A

vasodilator

80
Q

does nitric oxide work very fast or very slow ?

A

very fast

81
Q

does “sheer stress” mean a greater or lower interaction of RBC on the all of the endothelial ?

A

greater

82
Q

define myogenic intrinsic control :

A

pressure changes within the vessels themselves can cause smooth muscle constriction or relaxation

83
Q

what between the three intrinsic controls increases during exercise because there is an increased pressure on the outside of the vessel wall leading to dilation ?

A

myogenic

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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