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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 21 - physiological adaptations to exercise training > Flashcards

LESSON 21 - physiological adaptations to exercise training Flashcards

1
Q

over time do trained endurance athletes use more or less heartbeats to pump the same amount of blood ?

A

less heartbeats cause they are better trained to pump blood

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2
Q

name some effects of chronic endurance training :

A
  • increased VO2 max
    improved cardiovascular function
  • enhanced capillary density
  • muscle adaptations
  • improved oxygen extraction
    decreased resting HR
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3
Q

what are the determinants of VO2 max ?

A

VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference

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4
Q

what is VO2 ?

A

oxygen uptake

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5
Q

what is Q ?

A

flow of O2 rich blood

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6
Q

what is a-vO2 difference ?

A

extraction of O2

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7
Q

what is fick’s principal ?

A

VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

VO2 max depends on cardiac output ?

A

TRUE

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9
Q

what is the formula for Q ?

A

Q = HR x SV

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10
Q

to improve Q (cardiac output) what must we improve ?

A

HR and SV

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11
Q

between HR and SV which is more important ?

A

SV

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12
Q

why is SV more important that HR ?

A

because SV is what determines our maximal cardiac output

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

HRmax changes much with training

A

FALSE - HRmax does not change much with training

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14
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

changes in ___ drive increases in Q (cardiac output)

A

SV

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15
Q

what is SV ?

A

total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle to each beat (mL of blood per beat)

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16
Q

what is preload ?

A

the volume of blood received by the heart during diastole (EDV)

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17
Q

what are the three sections of SV ?

A
  • preload
  • contractility (cardiac muscle)
  • afterload
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18
Q

at what point are “our ventricles stretched to a greater extent and we can harness that elastic energy to give us a increase in SV?”

A

EDV during preload

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19
Q

TRUE or FALSE

training must increase SV

A

TRUE

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20
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

when we engage in training exercise; our blood changes … it gets _______-

A

greater

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21
Q

what is the increase in blood volume due to ?

A

plasma volume

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22
Q

what is blood primarily made up of ?

A

plasma and formed elements

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23
Q

how much % of blood volume is plasma vs formed elements ?

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements

24
Q

what makes up the plasma portion of blood ?

A

90% H2O
7% plasma proteins
3% other

25
Q

what makes up the formed elements portion of blood ?

A

> 99% red blood cells
< 1% white blood cells and platelets

26
Q

with an increase or encouraging muscle growth what additional factors do we see ?

A
  • more demand on body
  • more ATP
  • need to increase blood volume
  • increase production of RBC
27
Q

what does plasma volume induce an increase in ?

A

SV

28
Q

plasma volume induced increase in SV causes what ?

A

an increase in CO such that VO2 max

29
Q

increasing our total circulating blood volume means what for our ventricles ?

A

allows our ventricles to fill to a greater extent

30
Q

when our ventricles fill at a greater extent; what does this improve ?

A

improve our SV at any given level of intensity including maximal exercise intensity

31
Q

what is hypertrophy ?

A

an increase and growth of muscle cells

32
Q

the bigger/thicker your muscle fibers are …

A

the stronger your rate of force development is going to be

33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

the thicker and stronger (more force) a muscle has the more blood it can pump out ?

A

TRUE

34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

CO, VR & output from the left and right side of the heart have to be equal (SV not different on either sides)

A

TRUE

35
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

an increase in SV = increase in _____ and ____

A

CO and VO2

36
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK
(use systole and diastole)

we’re able to accept more blood in ______ so a stronger ______ excepts more blood and thus generates a great stroke volume

A

diastole - systole

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

endurance athletes have a bigger heat … higher VO2 max

A

TRUE

38
Q

what is afterload ?

A

pressure heart must generate to open aortic valve

39
Q

what are peripheral adaptions relate to ?

A

O2 transport/delivery

40
Q

an increase in peripheral circulation =

A

increase of VO2 max

41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

higher VO2max due to increase Hb content (increase CaO2)

A

TRUE

42
Q

what does MAP stand for ?

A

mean arterial pressure

43
Q

what does TPR stand for ?

A

total peripheral resistance to flow

44
Q

what is most of the increase in local blood flow to any tissue determined by ?

A

caliber of resistance vessels

45
Q

what two factors can TPR be reduced by ?

A

1) arterial remodelling
2) improved arterial function

46
Q

a decrease in TPR vasodilation =

A

increase in cardiac output

47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

exercise training reduces vessel wall thickness and increase diameter

A

TRUE

48
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

vasoconstrictive signals during exercises are reduce in _________________

A

trained individuals

49
Q

does capillarization increase or decrease surface are for tissue gas exchange ?

A

increases

50
Q

what word is used for the following :

  • site of gas exchange
  • if we increase our SA for tissue gas exchange and allow us more extract more O2
A

capillarization

51
Q

do we increase muscle fiber number with exercise training ?

A

yes?

52
Q

can we grow new capillaries during exercise training ?

A

yes

53
Q

is an increase # and size of mitochondria good or bad ?

A

good

54
Q

what is mitochondrial volume density ?

A

space within skeletal muscle occupied by mitochondria

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

VO2 max related to mitochondria volume

A

TRUE

56
Q

what does it mean if you have more mitochondria ?

A

we’re going to be able to utilize more O2 at greater rates (which translates to an improved VO2 max)

57
Q

what are some effects of an increased mitochondria volume density ?

A

increase quantity and activation fo enzymes in the TCA cycle and electron transport chain

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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