LESSON 21 - physiological adaptations to exercise training Flashcards
over time do trained endurance athletes use more or less heartbeats to pump the same amount of blood ?
less heartbeats cause they are better trained to pump blood
name some effects of chronic endurance training :
- increased VO2 max
improved cardiovascular function - enhanced capillary density
- muscle adaptations
- improved oxygen extraction
decreased resting HR
what are the determinants of VO2 max ?
VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference
what is VO2 ?
oxygen uptake
what is Q ?
flow of O2 rich blood
what is a-vO2 difference ?
extraction of O2
what is fick’s principal ?
VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference
TRUE OR FALSE
VO2 max depends on cardiac output ?
TRUE
what is the formula for Q ?
Q = HR x SV
to improve Q (cardiac output) what must we improve ?
HR and SV
between HR and SV which is more important ?
SV
why is SV more important that HR ?
because SV is what determines our maximal cardiac output
TRUE OR FALSE
HRmax changes much with training
FALSE - HRmax does not change much with training
FILL IN THE BLANK
changes in ___ drive increases in Q (cardiac output)
SV
what is SV ?
total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle to each beat (mL of blood per beat)
what is preload ?
the volume of blood received by the heart during diastole (EDV)
what are the three sections of SV ?
- preload
- contractility (cardiac muscle)
- afterload
at what point are “our ventricles stretched to a greater extent and we can harness that elastic energy to give us a increase in SV?”
EDV during preload
TRUE or FALSE
training must increase SV
TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
when we engage in training exercise; our blood changes … it gets _______-
greater
what is the increase in blood volume due to ?
plasma volume
what is blood primarily made up of ?
plasma and formed elements
how much % of blood volume is plasma vs formed elements ?
55% plasma
45% formed elements
what makes up the plasma portion of blood ?
90% H2O
7% plasma proteins
3% other
what makes up the formed elements portion of blood ?
> 99% red blood cells
< 1% white blood cells and platelets
with an increase or encouraging muscle growth what additional factors do we see ?
- more demand on body
- more ATP
- need to increase blood volume
- increase production of RBC
what does plasma volume induce an increase in ?
SV
plasma volume induced increase in SV causes what ?
an increase in CO such that VO2 max
increasing our total circulating blood volume means what for our ventricles ?
allows our ventricles to fill to a greater extent
when our ventricles fill at a greater extent; what does this improve ?
improve our SV at any given level of intensity including maximal exercise intensity
what is hypertrophy ?
an increase and growth of muscle cells
the bigger/thicker your muscle fibers are …
the stronger your rate of force development is going to be
TRUE OR FALSE
the thicker and stronger (more force) a muscle has the more blood it can pump out ?
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
CO, VR & output from the left and right side of the heart have to be equal (SV not different on either sides)
TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
an increase in SV = increase in _____ and ____
CO and VO2
FILL IN THE BLANK
(use systole and diastole)
we’re able to accept more blood in ______ so a stronger ______ excepts more blood and thus generates a great stroke volume
diastole - systole
TRUE OR FALSE
endurance athletes have a bigger heat … higher VO2 max
TRUE
what is afterload ?
pressure heart must generate to open aortic valve
what are peripheral adaptions relate to ?
O2 transport/delivery
an increase in peripheral circulation =
increase of VO2 max
TRUE OR FALSE
higher VO2max due to increase Hb content (increase CaO2)
TRUE
what does MAP stand for ?
mean arterial pressure
what does TPR stand for ?
total peripheral resistance to flow
what is most of the increase in local blood flow to any tissue determined by ?
caliber of resistance vessels
what two factors can TPR be reduced by ?
1) arterial remodelling
2) improved arterial function
a decrease in TPR vasodilation =
increase in cardiac output
TRUE OR FALSE
exercise training reduces vessel wall thickness and increase diameter
TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
vasoconstrictive signals during exercises are reduce in _________________
trained individuals
does capillarization increase or decrease surface are for tissue gas exchange ?
increases
what word is used for the following :
- site of gas exchange
- if we increase our SA for tissue gas exchange and allow us more extract more O2
capillarization
do we increase muscle fiber number with exercise training ?
yes?
can we grow new capillaries during exercise training ?
yes
is an increase # and size of mitochondria good or bad ?
good
what is mitochondrial volume density ?
space within skeletal muscle occupied by mitochondria
TRUE OR FALSE
VO2 max related to mitochondria volume
TRUE
what does it mean if you have more mitochondria ?
we’re going to be able to utilize more O2 at greater rates (which translates to an improved VO2 max)
what are some effects of an increased mitochondria volume density ?
increase quantity and activation fo enzymes in the TCA cycle and electron transport chain
